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. 2019 Jul 27;221(1):21–32. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz321

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 6. — Pre-existing local antibodies correlate with age and follicular T helper (T_FH)-cell responses after live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). (A) Pre-existing influenza-specific local antibodies (immunoglobulin [Ig]A) in saliva samples from children and adults correlated strongly with their ages. (B) The LAIV-induced T_FH-cell responses (Delta inducible T-cell costimulator [ICOS] × CXCR5⁺CD57⁺ %) inversely correlate with pre-existing influenza-specific local antibodies (IgA). The T_FH-cells activity and antibodies were tested against split antigens from A/California/07/2009-like (H1N1) virus (left) or A/Victoria/361/2011-like (H3N2) virus (center) or B/Massachusetts/2/2012 virus (right). Pre-existing IgA concentrations in saliva samples were Ln transformed in statistical analyses. Linear fitting curve was plotted as dotted line when nonparametric Spearman P < .10. Spearman r and P values are noted for each correlation. MFI, median fluorescence intensity.