Table 1.

Representative catalysts and their performance for hydrogenation of CO₂ to C₂₊ species.

Entry	Catalysts	CO2 con./%	CO select./%	CH select./%	Hydrocarbon distribution/%a				GHSV/ml g−1 h−1	Temp./°C	P/MPa	Ref.
					CH4	C2–C40	C2–C4=	C5+
C2+ hydrocarbons based on methanol reaction mechanism
1	In2O3/ZrO2+SAPO-34	19.0	87.0	13.0	4.0	12.0	84.0	–	3000	400	1.5	53
2	In2O3/SAPO-34	15.3	68.3	31.7	2.7	13.7	81.9	1.7	9000	380	3.0	52
3	In2O3–ZrO2/SAPO-34	26.2	63.9	36.1	2.0	21.5	74.5	2.0	9000	380	3.0	52
4	In–Zr/SAPO-34	29.0	78.2	–	4.1	9.2	83.9	2.8	15,750	400	3.0	54
5	ZnZrO/SAPO-34	12.6	47.0	–	3.0	14.0	80.0	3.0	3600	380	2.0	16
6	(CuO–ZnO)–Kaolin/SAPO-34	50.4	7.5	–	13.6	15.8	70.6	0.0	1800	400	3.0	145
7	Zn–Ga–O/SAPO-34	13.0	46.0	–	1.0	11.0	86.0	2.0	5400	370	3.0	55
8	CuZnZr@Zn–SAPO-34	19.6	58.6	41.4	14.6	20.2	60.5	4.8	3000	400	2.0	56
9	In2O3/HZSM-5	13.1	44.8	–	1.0	–	–	78.6	9000	340	3.0	26
10	Cr2O3/HZSM-5	33.6	41.2	–	3.0	15.7	3.1	78.2	1200	350	3.0	146
11	Fe2O3/HZSM-5	7.1	73.5	–	2.0	–	–	70.5	9000	340	3.0	26
12	ZnAlOx and HZSM-5	9.1	57.4	42.6	0.5	6.7	10.7	80.3	2000	320	3.0	57
13	ZnZrO/HZSM-5	14.1	43.7	57.3	0.3	14.5	4.9	80.3	1200	320	4.0	71
C2+ hydrocarbons based on CO2 modified FTS mechanism
14	FeZnK–NC	34.6	21.2	78.8	24.2	7.1	40.6	28.1	7200	320	3.0	120
15	Fe–2K	~30.0	22.0	74.0	31.1	14.9	32.4	21.6	–	320	2.0	82
16	10Fe0.8K0.53Co	54.6	2.0	98.0	19.3	7.8	24.9	48.0	560	300	2.5	91
17	N–K–600-0	43.1	26.1	73.9	35.5	6.8	36.9	20.8	3600	400	3.0	121
18	1Fe–1Zn–K	51.0	6.0	85.1	34.9	7.8	53.6	3.7	1000	320	0.5	147
19	35Fe–7Zr–1Ce–K	57.3	3.1	96.3	20.6	7.9	55.6	15.9	1000	320	2.0	76
20	Fe–Co/K–Al2O3	41.4	14.8	85.2	21.7	6.3	45.0	27.0	9000	320	3.0	77
21	C–Fe–Zn/K	54.8	4.6	94.4	23.1	8.5	57.4	11.0	1000	320	2.0	78
22	Na–Fe3O4/HZSM-5	22.0	20.1	–	4.0	–	–	79.4	4000	320	3.0	17
23	ZnFeOx–4.25Na/S–HZSM-5	36.2	11.0	89.0	8.2	13.3	3.2	75.4	4000	320	3.0	93
24	Fe–Cu–K–La/TiO2	23.1	33.0	67.0	19.4	–	–	67.2	3600	300	1.1	115
25	Na–ZnFe2O4	34.0	11.7	–	9.7	–	–	58.5	1800	340	1.0	116
26	K–Fe	43.9	10.1	89.9	12.2	–	–	56.6	750	300	1.5	148
27	92.6Fe7.4 K	41.7	6.0	94.0	10.9	23.0	6.5	59.6	560	300	2.5	122
28	10Fe4.8 K	35.2	9.0	91.0	8.1	4.3	16.4	71.2	560	300	2.5	91
29	CuFeO2−24	16.7	31.4	–	2.4	–	–	64.9	1800	300	1.0	123
30	Na–CoCu/TiO2	18.4	30.2	–	26.1	–	–	42.1	3000	250	5.0	96
31	Co/MIL-53(Al)	25.3	6.6	18.7	35.2	–	–	35.0	800	260	3.0	94

Entry	Catalysts	CO2 con./%	CO select./%	HC select./%	MeOH select./%	C2+OH select./%	GHSV/ml g−1 h−1	Temp./°C	P/MPa	Ref.
C2+ alcohols from CO2 hydrogenation
32	CuZnFe0.5K0.15	42.3	6.9	56.4	4.7	32.0, C2+OH	5000	300	6.0	99
33	Mo1Co1K0.8 sulfide	28.8	–	–	70.9	10.9, C2+OH	3000	320	5.0	149
34	1 wt%Pt/Co3O4	–	–	–	–	82.5, C2+OH	–	200	8.0	98
35	PdCu NPs/P25	–	–	–	–	92.0, EtOH	–	200	3.2	150
36	RhFeLi/TiO2	15.7	12.5	53.9	2.2	31.3, EtOH	6000	250	3.0	18

^aThe hydrocarbon distribution was calculated without CO