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. 2019 Dec 13;9:19028. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54413-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transepithelial fluid secretion rates, ammonium (NH₄⁺) concentrations in the secreted fluid, and NH₄⁺ transport rates of Malpighian tubules from wild-collected and laboratory A. aegypti larvae reared in freshwater (FW) or septic water (Septic). NH₄⁺ concentrations in Malpighian tubule secreted fluid from (A) wild A. aegypti larvae and (B) laboratory A. aegypti larvae reared in FW and septic water. Transepithelial fluid secretion rate of the Malpighian tubules from (C) wild A. aegypti larvae and (D) laboratory A. aegypti larvae reared in FW and septic water. NH₄⁺ transport rate by the Malpighian tubules from (E) wild A. aegypti larvae and (F) laboratory A. aegypti larvae reared in FW and septic water. Data shown as mean ± S.E.M (n = 5–7 wild larvae, n = 5 laboratory larvae). Asterisks indicate statistical significance (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.005) compared to FW control (Unpaired, two-tailed t-test).