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. 2019 Dec 13;9:19100. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55615-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visualization of TGF-β on HIV-1 virions. (a) Flow virometry of virions from blood plasma of infected individual gated on CD36 and CD27. (b) TGF-β⁺ virions in the population of CD36⁺ virions. (c) The lack of TGF-β⁺ virions in the population of CD27⁺ virions. A representative experiment out of three is presented. (d) Fractions of TGF-β⁺ on CD36⁺ and CD27⁺ virions captured with 2G12/PG9–MNPs as evaluated with flow virometry. Presented are means ± s.e.m. (n = 3). (e) L-TGF-β on virions captured with 2G12/PG9-MNPs. Electron micrograph of a negatively stained preparation. MNPs are marked with white asterisks; L-TGF-β is revealed by 6-nm colloidal gold-labeled secondary antibodies (yellow arrows). Bar: 50 nm (f) Control for specificity of staining. Virions captured with 2G12/PG9-MNPs and incubated with 6-nm colloidal gold-labelled secondary antibodies without primary anti L-TGF-β antibodies. MNPs are marked with white asterisks. Bar: 50 nm (g) CD36, TSP, and LAP proteins present in 2G12/PG9-MNP captured virions. Western blot analysis. A representative experiment out of three is presented. (For full-length gels/blots, see Supplementary Fig. 1). (h) Relative presence of TSP and LAP on captured virions. Average values from three experiments are presented.