Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies (n = 10) regarding the association between dietary calcium intake and MetS.
| Author, Year | Study Name | Design | Location | Cases/Participants | Sex | Age (y) | Follow-up (y) | Assessment | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Daghri et al., 2013 | N/A | CS | Saudi | 72 (IDF)/185 | M/F | 19–60 | / | 24-h recall | Age, BMI, physical activity |
| Cho et al., 2009 | KNHANES 2001–2005 | CS | Korea | 2479 (NCEP)/9341 | M/F | >20 | / | 24-h recall | Age, BMI, marital status, education, alcohol, smoking, exercise, energy intake |
| Fumeron et al., 2011 | DESIR | PC | France | 667 (IDF) or 452 (NCEP)/3435 | M/F | 30–65 | 9 | FFQ | Sex, age, BMI, smoking, total fat intake, physical activity |
| Kim et al., 2017 | KNHANES 2008–2011 | CS | Korea | 2762 (NCEP)/14705 | M/F | >20 | / | 24-h recall | Total calorie intake, calcium supplement intake, age, living area, education, income, occupation, marital status, alcohol, smoking, exercise level, stature, BMI |
| Lim et al., 2017 | N/A | CS | Korea | 49 (NCEP)/143 | M/F | 58.0 ± 9.3 | / | 3-d recall | Age, sex, BMI, alcohol, smoking, exercise |
| Liu et al., 2005 | WHS | PC | US | 1039 (NCEP)/10066 | F | ≥45 | 8.8 | FFQ | Age, smoking, exercise, total calories, alcohol, multivitamin use, parental history of myocardial infarction |
| Moore-Schiltz et al., 2015 | NHANES | CS | US | 3579 (NCEP)/9148 | M/F | >20 | / | 24-h recall | Sex, age, ethnicity, education, income, total energy intake and fiber intake. |
| Pannu et al., 2016 | VHM | CS | Australia | 735 (IDF)/3403 | M/F | 15–75 | / | 24-h recall | Age, sex, country of birth, income, education, smoking, energy intake, physical activity, body weight, alcohol, dietary fiber |
| Shin et al., 2015 | MRCohort | CS | Korea | 2018 (NCEP)/6375 | M/F | >40 | / | FFQ | Age, education, marital status, exercise, glycemic load, intake of fat, fiber, sodium and energy |
| Shin et al., 2016 | KNHANES 2010–2012 | CS | Korea | 1506 (NCEP)/5946 | M | >20 | / | 24-h recall | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, income, education, residential area, physical activity, energy intake, eGFR, serum 25(OH)D level |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; CS, Cross-sectional; DESIR, Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance; FFQ, Food frequency questionnaire; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey; MRCohort, Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study in Rural Communities; N/A, Not Available; NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program; PC, Perspective cohort; US, United States; VHM, Victorian Health Monitor; WHS, Women’s Health Study.