Fig. 9.

Complete dynamic model of the T4 injection machinery interacting with the host cell predicts the timescale of the injection process as a function of the sheath–tube gap viscosity coefficient ${\eta }_w$ over the range $0.001<{\eta }_w<\mathrm{1,000}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\text{Pa}\cdot \text{s}$ and the internal friction coefficient ${\overline{\eta }}_{int}$ over the range $0.005<{\overline{\eta }}_{int}<5\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\text{Pa}\cdot \text{s}$. Note log scales. Red region defines a likely injection timescale for T4 (∼5 ms) by drawing a comparison with that of the T6SS (26).