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Simulated pipette current-voltage relationships with (symbols, P-NP-NS) and without (curves, P-NP) EOF, when sweeping surface charge (σ), with (a) cin > cex and (b) cin < cex. Simulations ignoring EOF invert the relationship between ICR and surface charge polarity and underestimate RR. (b) Vortex flows can induce negative differential resistance (NDR) under sufficient voltage and surface charge. When cin = cex, ignoring EOF is valid (Figure S18).
