Table 2.
Sex Differences in MetS in Early COPD
| Variable | Men (n=1566) | Women (n=598) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No MetS | MetS | P value | No MetS | MetS | P value | |
| Total | 1101 (73.4) | 465 (26.6) | <0.001 | 388 (64.9) | 210 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 64.2±9.8 | 65.1±9.40 | 0.110 | 62.8±11.0 | 68.7±8.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0±2.4 | 24.9±2.5 | <0.001 | 22.6±2.7 | 25.1±3.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 219 (19.9) | 225 (48.4) | <0.001 | 64 (16.5) | 107 (51.0) | <0.001 |
| Participants with a smoking history | 986 (89.6) | 423 (91.0) | 0.395 | 69 (17.8) | 26 (12.4) | 0.085 |
| Smoking history, pack-years | 27.7±22.6 | 29.8±23.6 | 0.087 | 2.4±7.7 | 1.5±5.3 | 0.087 |
| SBP, mmHg | 125.0±16.7 | 131.1±14.9 | <0.001 | 121.8±18.9 | 132.0±15.6 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 77.4±10.1 | 79.4±11.3 | 0.001 | 74.3±10.0 | 76.7±10.3 | 0.007 |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | 83.7±7.3 | 90.3±7.2 | <0.001 | 78.0±7.8 | 87.3±8.4 | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 131.0±102.9 | 222.8±173.7 | <0.001 | 106.7±55.3 | 185.6±106.1 | <0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 47.6±10.6 | 38.9±8.5 | <0.001 | 52.4±11.7 | 43.1±8.9 | <0.001 |
| Glucose | 98.8±17.0 | 114.6±32.4 | <0.001 | 94.4±12.4 | 109.5±32.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 316 (28.7) | 252 (54.2) | <0.001 | 92 (23.7) | 116 (55.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 493 (44.8) | 355 (76.3) | <0.001 | 156 (40.2) | 174 (82.9) | <0.001 |
| IHD | 94 (8.5) | 68 (14.6) | <0.001 | 23 (5.9) | 33 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| CHF | 55 (5.0) | 21 (4.5) | 0.687 | 20 (50.2) | 24 (11.4) | 0.005 |
| PVD | 258 (23.4) | 138 (29.7) | 0.009 | 98 (25.3) | 81 (38.6) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis | 104 (9.5) | 48 (10.3) | 0.592 | 69 (17.8) | 58 (27.6) | 0.005 |
| Osteoporosis | 125 (11.4) | 49 (10.5) | 0.639 | 180 (46.4) | 110 (52.4) | 0.162 |
| GERD | 583 (53.0) | 243 (52.3) | 0.802 | 229 (59.0) | 112 (53.3) | 0.180 |
| Depression | 154 (14.0) | 67 (14.4) | 0.827 | 63 (16.2) | 55 (26.2) | 0.004 |
Notes: Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%) as appropriate.
Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IHD, ischemic heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.