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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 14.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017 Jan 20;9(4):4202–4214. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b13773

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A schematic illustration showing the ice adhesion test apparatus. Coated substrates were mounted to a Peltier cooling plate whose surface was thermostatted at a target temperature (−15 °C). Plastic cuvettes (10 mm × 10 mm × 45 mm) filled with deionized water were inverted on the substrate surface and the water was frozen for at least 3 h before starting the ice adhesion test. The probe of the force transducer was propelled at 0.1 mm/s into the side of each cuvette until the ice column detached from the test surface, and the maximum fracture force is recorded.