Table 1.

Main Recombinant Transgenes Tested for Enhancing Antitumor Function of OVs

Strategy	Detailed Genes
Cytokine	GM-CSF, IFN (α, β or γ), IL-2/IL-12/IL-15/IL-18/IL-21/IL-24…
Chemokine	CCL5, CCL20, CCL21, CXCL4L1, CXCL10…
Tumor-associated antigens	CEA, PSA, hDCT, CLND6
Immune co-stimulatory molecules	CD28, ICOS, OX40, CD30, CD40, and 4-1BB
Immune checkpoint inhibitors	PD-1, CTLA4, LAG3, TIM3…
Suicide genes	HSV-TK, CD, nitroreductase, cytochrome P450
Tumor suppressor genes	P53, PTEN, P16, Rb, MnSOD
Proapoptotic proteins and genes	Apoptin, Lactaptin, TRAIL, SMAC
Anti-angiogenesis	VEGI, VEGFR-1-Ig, anti-VEGF single-chain antibody, VEGF promoter-targeting transcriptional repressor (KOX), VEGF promoter-targeted transcriptional repressor zinc finger protein, vasculostatin, canstastin, plasminogen kringle 5, fibroblast growth factor receptor

GM-CSF, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; PSA, prostate specific antigen; hDCT, human dopachrome tautomerase; CLND6, claudin 6; ICOS, inducible costimulatory molecule; HSV-TK, herpes virus thymidine kinase; CD, cytosine deaminase; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; SMAC, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases; VEGI, vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor; VEGFR-1-Ig, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-Ig fusion protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.