Table 3.

Comparisons of Changes in Exercise and Exercise + Nutrition Groups

		Pre			Post			Two-Way ANOVA
								Time Effect		Time × Group
				Interaction
Mean		SD	Mean		SD	F-Value	P-Value	F-Value	P-Value
MMSE
Exercise + Nutrition		28.3	±	1.8	28.8	±	1.4	0.93	0.339	1.66	0.20
Exercise		28.2	±	2.6	28.1	±	2.7
TMT-A
Exercise + Nutrition		98.4	±	26.4	88.1	±	22.9	15.65	<0.05*	0.04	0.85
Exercise		107.8	±	33.8	96.4	±	34.1
TMT-B
Exercise + Nutrition		142.2	±	74.3	146.6	±	47.3	0.10	0.75	0.86	0.36
Exercise		150.4	±	71.0	141.4	±	67.7
Gait speed
Exercise + Nutrition		1.24	±	0.2	1.32	±	0.2	32.84	<0.05*	2.37	0.13
Exercise		1.17	±	0.2	1.30	±	0.2
Grip strength
Exercise + Nutrition		21.7	±	5.7	24.0	±	5.0	56.28	<0.05*	0.27	0.61
Exercise		21.8	±	6.8	24.4	±	6.6
SMI
Exercise + Nutrition		5.76	±	0.8	5.87	±	0.9	8.90	<0.05*	0.00	0.9
Exercise		5.89	±	0.9	5.99	±	0.9
GDS
Exercise + Nutrition		3.52	±	2.4	3.16	±	2.7	0.11	0.74	0.59	0.44
Exercise		3.89	±	2.7	4.03	±	2.5

Note: *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; SMI, Skeletal mass index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.