Table 3b.

Mean scores for each stigma scale and associations with key sociodemographic characteristics for community members

Variables	Fear and judgement (n = 5415)			Perceived stigma in the community (n = 5256)			Perceived stigma in healthcare settings (n = 5306)
	Mean score (SD)	Beta (95% CI)a	p w	Mean score (SD)	Beta (95% CI)a	p w	Mean score (SD)	Beta (95% CI)a	p w
Sex			0.110			0.103			0.006
Male	0.83 (0.59)	–		1.26 (0.66)	–		1.07 (0.75)	–
Female	0.80 (0.58)	−0.03 (−0.06 to 0.01)		1.23 (0.66)	−0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01)		0.99 (0.73)	−0.06 (−0.10 to − 0.02)
Age group			0.184			0.862			0.745
18 to 24	0.82 (0.59)	–		1.24 (0.66)	–		1.00 (0.73)	–
25 to 34	0.80 (0.57)	−0.03 (−0.06 to 0.00)		1.23 (0.66)	0.00 (−.04 to 0.04)		1.02 (0.73)	−0.01 (−0.05 to 0.04)
35 to 44	0.80 (0.59)	−0.03 (−0.07 to 0.02)		1.24 (0.67)	0.01 (−0.03 to 0.06)		1.05 (0.77)	0.02 (−0.04 to 0.07)
Education			0.539			<0.001			<0.001
Less than secondary	0.79 (0.58)	–		1.20 (0.66)	–		0.89 (0.73)	–
Completed secondary	0.81 (0.58)	−0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02)		1.23 (0.66)	0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07)		1.04 (0.73)	0.06 (0.01 to 0.11)
Post secondary	0.85 (0.64)	0.00 (−0.07 to 0.07)		1.42 (0.66)	0.18 (0.10 to 0.26)		1.20 (0.79)	0.20 (0.11 to 0.29)
Ever tested for HIV			0.449			<0.001			0.191
No	0.78 (0.63)	–		1.14 (0.74)	–		1.00 (0.81)	–
Yes	0.82 (0.57)	0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06)		1.25 (0.64)	0.09 (0.04 to 0.14)		1.02 (0.72)	0.04 (−0.02 to 0.09)
Overall to Mean score (SD)b	0.81 (0.58)			1.24 (0.66)			1.02 (0.74)

The bolded values reflect statistically significant p values (values < 0.05).

CI, confidence Interval; p_w, p value for the Wald test; SD, Standard deviation.

^aBeta with 95% confidence interval obtained from linear regression

^bsummary scores range from 0 to 3, with higher scores reflecting more stigmatizing responses.