(A) Mechanism of plasma sterilization in different periods. (B0 to B2) TEM images of whole E. coli after treatment for 0, 1 min, or 2 min. (C0 to C2) TEM images of 70-nm sections of E. coli after treatment for 0, 1 min, or 2 min. Ruptures of E. coli membranes are highlighted by the yellow circles (1 to 3 and 7 to 9), and the denaturation of genetic material is highlighted by the green circles (4 to 6 and 10 to 12). The arrows point to the cell walls and membranes.