Table 3.

Effects of exosomal protein treatment on the post-thaw motility, kinematic parameters, viability, and membrane integrity of dog semen.

Group	Motility (%)	Linearity (%)	Straightness (%)	ALH (µm)	Live Sperm (%)	Membrane Integrity (%)
Control	47.2 ± 0.3 b	26.8 ± 1.0	51.6 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.0 b	45.4 ± 0.4 b	47.8 ± 0.3 b
Treatment (50 µg/mL)	56.8 ± 0.3 a	28.8 ± 1.3	50.5 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.0 a	55.9 ± 0.4 a	55.6 ± 0.5 a

ALH, amplitude of lateral head displacement. Values with different superscripts letters in a column differ significantly (p < 0.05, n = 4).