Table 4.
Association of betaine as a continuous variable and according to tertiles with the development of T2DM.
| Betaine as Continuous Variable (2log) | Tertiles of Betaine | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | ||
| Diabetes, no. of events (%) | 224 (5.2%) | 93 (6.4%) | 74 (5.1%) | 57 (3.9%) | |||
| Crude | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 0.10 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.78 (0.57–1.05) | 0.10 | 0.61 (0.44–0.85) | 0.004 |
| Model 1 | 0.60 (0.46–0.79) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.64 (0.47–0.88) | 0.005 | 0.45 (0.32–0.64) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.59 (0.45–0.78) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.61 (0.45–0.84) | 0.002 | 0.42 (0.29–0.59) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.002 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.68 (0.50–0.94) | 0.02 | 0.47 (0.33–0.66) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 0.69 (0.46–1.02) | 0.06 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.65 (0.43–0.96) | 0.03 | 0.50 (0.32–0.80) | 0.004 |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Association between betaine and development of diabetes in 4336 (224 cases) subjects of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study as a continuous variable (2log-transformed) and according to tertiles (T1-T3). Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models. The eGFR is based on creatinine–cystatin C equation; Model 1: Adjustment for age and sex; Model 2: Model 1+ adjustment for eGFR; Model 3: Model 2 + adjustment for body mass index and smoking; Model 4: Model 3 + adjustment for ethnicity, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and use of lipid-lowering drugs.