Table 2.

Pros and cons of neural organoids and potential solutions/current approaches to the major limitations of the organoid model.

PROS	CONS	APPROACH
3D multicellular architecture with complex cell compartmentalization	Lack of reproducibility	-Microfluidic technologies modulating local stimuli to cellular microenvironment -Patterned organoids
Patterning into different brain-like subregions	Cost	-Miniaturized spinning bioreactors with reduced incubator space and medium supply needed
Rough organization into cortical layers	Lack of output and input systems	-In vivo transplantation -Development of assembloids
Long term culturing	Lack of vascular bed	-Combined progenitors (mesenchymal and neural stem cells) -In vivo transplantation into animal models
Generation of patients’specific disease-relevant cell types	Spatial orientation	-Bioengineered scaffolds
Generation of spontaneously active neural networks	Long term maturation	-In vivo transplantation -Optimization of culture conditions and culture media