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. 2019 Oct 24;8(11):1771. doi: 10.3390/jcm8111771

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Relative gene expression of chondrogenic differentiation markers in human chondrocytes after electrical stimulation with 100 mV and 1 V at 1 kHz. Chondrocytes derived from non-degenerative (n = 4) or osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage (n = 6) were seeded on collagen scaffolds and electrical stimulation was performed over a period of seven days. Afterwards, RNA was isolated to determine the gene expression of chondrogenic differentiation markers via semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Data are presented as boxplots of the percentage of 2^(−ΔΔCt) related to unstimulated cells (100%). Statistical analysis within a stimulation group was performed with Friedman test by using the ΔΔCt-values (^# p < 0.05).