Table 2.
Characteristics of randomised clinical trials on the effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure levels in patients with sleep apnoea and resistant/refractory hypertension.
| Studies | Randomisation (Complete Follow-Up) |
Age | BMI | ESS | Anti-HT Drugs | SBP/DBP (mmHg) at Entry |
BP Measure | AHI, Sleep Study | CPAP Use | Follow-Up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lozano et al., 2010 [77] | 29 to CPAP 35 to control |
59.2 (9.9) | 30.8 (5) | 6.14 (3.3) | 3.48 (0.57) | 129.9 (13.7)/76 (10) | ABPM | 52.3 (21.5) Full PSG |
5.6 (1.52) | 3 months |
| Pedrosa et al., 2013 [83] | 19 to CPAP 16 to control |
56 (1) | 32 (28–39) | 10 (1) | 4 (4–5) | 162 (4)/97 (2) | ABPM | 29 (24–48) PSG |
6.01 (0.2) | 6 months |
| Martinez-Garcia et al., 2013 [17] | 98 to CPAP 96 to control |
56 (9.5) | 34.1 (5.4) | 9.1 (3.7) | 3.8 (0.9) | 144.2 (12.5)/83 (10.5) | ABPM | 40.4 (18.9) RP |
5 (1.9) | 3 months |
| De Oliveira et al., 2014 [78] | 24 to CPAP 23 to sham |
59.4 (7.7) | 29.8 (4.4) | 10 (6–15) | 4 (1) | 148 (17)/88 (13) | ABPM | 20 (18–1) RP |
5.3 (4.1–7.1) Median (IQR) | 8 weeks |
| Muxfeldt et al., 2015 [71] | 57 to CPAP 60 to control |
60.5 (8.2) | 33.4 (5.3) | 11 (6) | 5 (3–8) | 129 (16)/75 812) | ABPM | 41 (21) PSG |
4.8 (median) | 6 months |
| Navarro et al., 2019 * [80] | 23 to CPAP 19 to control |
61.1 (8.3) vs. 56.7 (9) | 34.9 (5.4) vs. 34.1 (6.8) | 9 (4) vs. 8.9 (3.8) | 5 (5–6) vs. 5 (5–6) (median, IQR) | 154.1 (12.2)/82.9 (14.2) 149(11.5)/84.1 (10.8) |
ABPM | 42.7 (17.2) vs. 40.4 (20.3) RP |
5.2 (1.5) | 3 months |
* This study investigate the effect of CPAP on refractory hypertension. Data expressed by mean (standard deviation), unless indicated otherwise. BMI: Body Mass Index; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; anti-HT: antihypertensive; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; AHI: Apnoea Hypopnoea Index; CPAP: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; ABPM: 24h-Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring; RP: Respiratory Polygraphy; PSG: Polysomnography; IQR: Interquartile range).