Table 4.

Future challenges in the relationship between RH/RfH and OSA.

To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that distinguish RH and RfH, and how OSA and CPAP treatment can influence them.

To assess the best combined therapeutic strategy in patients with RH/RfH and OSA.

To determine the added value of CPAP to the different antihypertensive treatments, including renal denervation.

To analyse the effect of long-term CPAP on blood pressure and cardiovascular events in patients with RH/RfH.

To determine the various biomarker predictors of a good BP response to CPAP.

To group homogeneous clinical phenotypes in terms of clinical presentation, prognosis and response to treatment.

To determine the role of confounders in the relationship between RH/RfH and OSA, particularly obesity.

The contrast in office BP measures and 24 h ABPM results makes it possible to define different phenotypes of RH, according to whether the monitoring results are congruent (controlled or sustained) or not (white coat or masked). At present, the predictive value of each phenotype with respect to the effect of CPAP is still unknown.