BAP31 deficiency leads to stimulation of tumor invasion and growth in vitro and in vivo. (a,b) BAP31 deficiency stimulates invasion activity in U2OS cells. U2OS cells subjected to BAP31 knockout via the CRISPR-Cas9 system (sgControl, sgBAP31-2, and sgBAP31-3) were seeded onto a transwell chamber coated with Matrigel. After 24 h, invader cells were stained with crystal violet (scale bar, 100 µm) (a). Stained crystal violet was extracted and measured at 570 nm (b). Data are presented as the mean ± SD of the three simultaneously performed experiments (b). (c) The knockout of BAP31 stimulates tumor growth at early time points in nude mice. U2OS sgControl, sgBAP31-2, or sgBAP31-3 cells were used for xenograft transplantation in nude mice. After four days, the tumor volumes were measured on the indicated days. The values represent the mean ± standard error of the eight mice from each group. The P-value was calculated using two-way ANOVA. n.s., not significant; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 (b,c).