. 2019 Nov 18;9(11):990. doi: 10.3390/ani9110990

Table 4.

Effects of supplementation with Candida tropicalis and mulberry leaf flavonoids individually or in combination on blood parameters in Holstein calves during pre-weaning, post-weaning, and overall periods.

Item ¹	Treatment ²				SEM ³	p-Value
Item ¹	CON	ADY	FLA	YF	SEM ³	Treatment	Time	Treatment × Time
IgG, g/L
Pre-weaning	8.93 ^b	9.12 ^b	9.64 ^a	9.68 ^a	0.19	0.032	0.341	0.008
Post-weaning	9.45	9.62	9.74	10.15	0.27	0.120	0.258	0.364
Overall	9.09 ^b	9.27 ^ab	9.72 ^a	9.78 ^a	0.19	0.041	0.003	0.052
IgM, g/L
Pre-weaning	0.84	0.83	0.83	0.86	0.01	0.438	0.204	0.511
Post-weaning	0.85	0.91	0.90	0.90	0.16	0.085	0.338	0.213
Overall	0.84	0.86	0.85	0.87	0.01	0.255	0.111	0.302
IgA, g/L
Pre-weaning	1.96	1.93	1.92	2.05	0.02	0.551	0.399	0.612
Post-weaning	2.13 ^b	2.07 ^b	1.95 ^b	2.40 ^a	0.02	0.013	0.632	0.021
Overall	2.02 ^b	1.98 ^b	1.93 ^b	2.20 ^a	0.04	0.031	0.031	0.333
BHBA, mmol/L
Pre-weaning	0.30	0.35	0.33	0.34	0.02	0.487	0.677	0.478
Post-weaning	0.43 ^b	0.55 ^a	0.56 ^a	0.52 ^ab	0.04	0.024	0.012	0.015
Overall	0.38	0.41	0.42	0.41	0.31	0.181	<0.001	0.406
EGF, pg/mL
Pre-weaning	28.83 ^ab	26.47 ^b	35.38 ^a	28.04 ^ab	1.49	0.047	0.193	0.180
Post-weaning	30.23	28.29	33.44	29.57	2.07	0.217	0.418	0.321
Overall	29.44	27.23	34.89	28.94	1.80	0.161	0.586	0.606

^a,b Mean values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05). ¹ Pre- and post-weaning: calves were given treatments at ages 28 and 42 d, and at ages 56 and 80 d. Overall: calves were given treatments at ages 28, 42, 56, and 80 d. ² CON = no yeast or flavonoids fed; ADY = Candida tropicalis as supplement; FLA = mulberry leaf flavonoids as supplement; YF = combination of Candida tropicalis and mulberry leaf flavonoids as supplement; BHBA = β-hydroxybutyric acid; EGF = epidermal growth factor. ³ SEM = standard error of the mean.