Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics According to the Extreme Categories of SBP, DBP, PP, and MAP in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
| Characteristic | SBP (mm Hg) | DBP (mm Hg) | PP (mm Hg) | MAP (mm Hg) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <120 | ≥160 | <70 | ≥100 | <45 | ≥85 | <90 | ≥120 | |
| Participants | 7007 (23.0) | 4609 (15.1) | 4827 (15.8) | 1521 (5.0) | 7718 (25.3) | 1870 (6.1) | 7876 (25.8) | 2195 (7.2) |
| Deaths unrelated to ESRD | 1189 (17.0) | 1943 (42.4) | 1374 (28.5) | 496 (32.7) | 1070 (13.9) | 1042 (56.3) | 1679 (21.3) | 852 (39.0) |
| PP, mm Hg | 39.4±7.0 | 81.8±13.7 | 50.2±15.6 | 69.5±18.2 | 37.8±4.9 | 95.0±10.1 | 44.2±11.0 | 79.3±17.9 |
| Age, y | 59.8±7.0 | 67.0±7.6 | 63.4±8.3 | 62.9±7.3 | 58.8±6.4 | 70.1±6.9 | 61.4±7.7 | 65.0±7.6 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.2±3.4 | 23.8±3.6 | 21.9±3.4 | 24.3±3.7 | 22.7±3.5 | 23.4±3.5 | 22.1±3.4 | 24.1±3.6 |
| Men | 2421 (34.6) | 2244 (48.7) | 1499 (31.1) | 910 (59.8) | 3107 (40.3) | 752 (40.2) | 2642 (33.5) | 1189 (54.2) |
| Dialect | ||||||||
| Cantonese | 3635 (51.9) | 2254 (48.9) | 2573 (53.3) | 706 (46.4) | 3962 (51.3) | 959 (51.3) | 4101 (52.1) | 1037 (47.2) |
| Hokkien | 3372 (48.1) | 2355 (51.1) | 2254 (46.7) | 815 (53.6) | 3756 (48.7) | 911 (48.7) | 3775 (47.9) | 1158 (52.8) |
| Higher educationa | 2746 (39.2) | 1047 (22.7) | 1486 (30.8) | 448 (29.5) | 3303 (42.8) | 308 (16.5) | 2818 (35.8) | 552 (25.2) |
| Ever smokers | 1800 (25.7) | 1746 (37.9) | 1380 (28.6) | 606 (39.8) | 2036 (26.4) | 695 (37.2) | 2127 (27.0) | 851 (38.8) |
| Daily alcohol drinkers | 157 (2.2) | 182 (4.0) | 111 (2.3) | 80 (5.3) | 177 (2.3) | 57 (3.1) | 178 (2.3) | 103 (4.7) |
| Coffee consumption, cups/d | ||||||||
| 0 to <1 | 2281 (32.6) | 1320 (28.6) | 1621 (33.6) | 429 (28.2) | 2477 (32.1) | 551 (29.5) | 2565 (32.6) | 625 (28.5) |
| 1 | 2460 (35.1) | 1696 (36.8) | 1668 (34.6) | 508 (33.4) | 2679 (34.7) | 699 (37.4) | 2747 (34.9) | 789 (36.0) |
| ≥2 | 2266 (32.3) | 1593 (34.6) | 1538 (31.9) | 584 (38.4) | 2562 (33.2) | 620 (33.2) | 2564 (32.6) | 781 (35.6) |
| Sleep, h/d | ||||||||
| <5 | 619 (8.8) | 524 (11.4) | 499 (10.3) | 154 (10.1) | 653 (8.5) | 238 (12.7) | 747 (9.5) | 246 (11.2) |
| 6–8 | 5943 (84.8) | 3756 (81.5) | 3999 (82.9) | 1276 (83.9) | 6583 (85.3) | 1499 (80.2) | 6617 (84.0) | 1803 (82.1) |
| ≥9 | 445 (6.4) | 329 (7.1) | 329 (6.8) | 91 (6.0) | 482 (6.3) | 133 (7.1) | 512 (6.5) | 146 (6.7) |
| Total protein intakeb | 60.0±10.0 | 58.7±10.2 | 59.8±9.6 | 58.4±10.6 | 59.8±10.1 | 58.9±9.8 | 59.8±9.9 | 58.6±10.6 |
| Red meat intakeb | 30.5±18.8 | 30.3±18.7 | 29.7±17.1 | 31.3±20.4 | 30.8±19.4 | 30.0±17.3 | 29.9±18.2 | 30.8±19.2 |
| Current daily incense users | 4995 (71.3) | 3631 (78.8) | 3479 (72.1) | 1193 (78.4) | 5552 (71.9) | 1455 (77.8) | 5637 (71.6) | 1726 (78.6) |
| Physical activityc | 2450 (35.0) | 1536 (33.3) | 1610 (33.4) | 567 (37.3) | 2842 (36.8) | 581 (31.1) | 2681 (34.0) | 756 (34.4) |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 552 (7.9) | 1081 (23.5) | 694 (14.4) | 213 (14.0) | 541 (7.0) | 586 (31.3) | 846 (10.7) | 409 (18.6) |
| History of CVD | 515 (7.4) | 708 (15.4) | 557 (11.5) | 157 (10.3) | 499 (6.5) | 363 (19.4) | 716 (9.1) | 281 (12.8) |
| Antihypertensive medication use | 1155 (16.5) | 2477 (53.7) | 1135 (23.5) | 734 (48.3) | 1537 (19.9) | 1140 (61.0) | 1558 (19.8) | 1139 (51.9) |
Data are shown as n (%) or mean±SD. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Secondary school or higher education level.
b
Red meat and total protein were reported as g/d.
c
Physical activity defined as at least 0.5 h/wk of moderate activity, vigorous activity, or strenuous sports.