Table 2.
HR (95% CI) for ESRD According to Categories of SBP, DBP, PP, and MAP in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
| n | Cases/Person‐Year | ESRD, HR (95% CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate Modelb | Modelb+DBP | Modelb+PP | |||
| SBP, mm Hg | |||||
| <120 | 7007 | 45/81 310 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 120–129 | 5349 | 39/62 225 | 0.79 (0.51–1.21) | 0.84 (0.54–1.30) | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) |
| 130–139 | 5468 | 59/62 638 | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 1.12 (0.75–1.69) | 0.66 (0.43–1.01) |
| 140–149 | 4772 | 88/53 918 | 1.48 (1.03–2.15) | 1.73 (1.17–2.58) | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) |
| 150–159 | 3312 | 62/36 704 | 1.42 (0.95–2.11) | 1.71 (1.11–2.64) | 0.60 (0.36–0.99) |
| ≥160 | 4609 | 170/47 863 | 2.50 (1.76–3.55) | 3.24 (2.12–4.96) | 0.73 (0.42–1.29) |
| P for LRc | 0.04 | <0.001 | |||
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.55 | ||
| Per 10 mm Hgd | 30 517 | 463/344 659 | 1.29 (1.22–1.37) | 1.50 (1.36–1.66) | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) |
| Modelb+SBP | Modelb+PP | ||||
| DBP, mm Hg | |||||
| <70 | 4827 | 61/53 008 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 70–79 | 10 169 | 122/115 662 | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 0.62 (0.45–0.86) | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) |
| 80–89 | 9886 | 154/112 609 | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 0.53 (0.38–0.75) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) |
| 90–99 | 4114 | 86/46 722 | 1.30 (0.93–1.82) | 0.55 (0.37–0.83) | 0.94 (0.67–1.33) |
| ≥100 | 1521 | 40/16 659 | 1.58 (1.05–2.39) | 0.57 (0.35–0.93) | 1.03 (0.68–1.57) |
| P for LRc | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.47 | ||
| Per 10 mm Hge | 30 517 | 463/344 659 | 1.38 (1.12–1.70) | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) |
| Modelb+SBP | Modelb+DBP | ||||
| PP, mm Hg | |||||
| <45 | 7718 | 39/91 291 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 45–54 | 7774 | 59/90 093 | 1.19 (0.79–1.79) | 1.21 (0.80–1.85) | 1.18 (0.78–1.77) |
| 55–64 | 6564 | 106/74 581 | 2.04 (1.40–2.97) | 2.12 (1.36–3.30) | 2.00 (1.37–2.93) |
| 65–74 | 4219 | 87/46 075 | 2.29 (1.54–3.39) | 2.43 (1.44–4.10) | 2.24 (1.51–3.34) |
| 75–84 | 2372 | 68/24 687 | 2.85 (1.88–4.33) | 3.08 (1.68–5.65) | 2.78 (1.82–4.24) |
| ≥85 | 1870 | 104/17 932 | 5.25 (3.52–7.84) | 5.72 (3.02–10.8) | 5.07 (3.36–7.66) |
| P for LRc | 0.74 | 0.49 | |||
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Per 10 mm Hgf | 30 517 | 463/344 659 | 1.39 (1.30–1.48) | 1.28 (1.11–1.47) | 1.49 (1.33–1.66) |
| Modelb+SBP | Modelb+PP | ||||
| MAP, mm Hg | |||||
| <90 | 7876 | 64/89 615 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 90–99 | 8866 | 99/101 601 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 0.67 (0.47–0.97) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) |
| 100–109 | 7630 | 124/86 626 | 1.22 (0.89–1.66) | 0.52 (0.33–0.83) | 0.81 (0.58–1.12) |
| 110–119 | 3950 | 93/43 617 | 1.66 (1.20–2.31) | 0.50 (0.28–0.89) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) |
| ≥120 | 2195 | 83/23 201 | 2.66 (1.90–3.72) | 0.71 (0.38–1.30) | 1.18 (0.79–1.76) |
| P for LRc | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.31 | ||
| Per 10 mm Hgg | 30 517 | 463/344 659 | 1.43 (1.30–1.57) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) |
DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; HR, hazard ratio; LR, likelihood ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Blood pressure components were adjusted as ordinal variables in the dual model.
HRs were adjusted for age; sex; dialect; education level; body mass index; physical activity; smoking status; alcohol use; sleep duration; total energy intake; total protein intake; red meat consumption; coffee consumption; incense use; physician‐diagnosed diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and stroke; and antihypertensive medication use.
Goodness of fit between the model with 1 blood pressure index and the dual model with 2 blood pressure indexes were compared using the LR test.
HR (95% CI) per 10‐mm Hg increment was generated only for SBP ≥140 mm Hg.
HR (95% CI) per 10‐mm Hg increment was generated only for DBP ≥90 mm Hg.
HR (95% CI) per 10‐mm Hg increment was generated only for PP ≥55 mm Hg.
HR (95% CI) per 10‐mm Hg increment was generated only for MAP ≥100 mm Hg.