Table 1.
Recent Progress of Therapeutic Exosomes/Engineered Hydrogels for Cartilage and Bone Tissue Regeneration.
| Type | Origin of Exosomes | TE Matrix | In Vitro and In Vivo Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cartilage | hiPS-MSC-exosomes | Acellular tissue patch composed of photo-induced imine crosslinking (PIC) hydrogel | Good integration with native cartilage matrix and enhanced cell deposition at cartilage defect sites | 67 |
| MSC-derived Exosomes | 3D printed cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM)/gelatin methacrylate hybrid scaffold | Improved chondrocyte migration. Recovery of degraded cartilage caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Excellent integration of the hybrid scaffold with surrounding tissue | 68 | |
| hiPS-MSC-Exos | β-TCP | Remarkable enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | 69 | |
| Bone | hASC-derived exosomes | PLGA/pDA scaffolds | Controlled release of hASC-derived exosomes and accelerated bone healing in in vivo critical-sized defects | 70 |
| MSC-derived exosomes | DBM scaffolds | Enhance bone regeneration by proangiogenic activity | 62 | |
| Macrophage-derived exosomes | Titanium oxide nanotubes | Increased expression of early osteoblastic differentiation markers, such as ALP and BMP2 | 40 |
Abbreviations: DBM, decalcified bone matrix; hASC, human adipose stem cell; hBMSC, human bone marrow stem cell; hiPS-MSC-Exos, human-induced pluripotent SC-derived exosomes; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; PLGA/pDA, polydopamine-coating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); TE, tissue engineering; β-TCP, β-tricalcium phosphate.