Table 1.

Constructs, items, and references of the measurements.

Construct		Definition and items	References
Perceived usefulness (PU)		The degree to which a person believes that the use of ophthalmic AIa devices would enhance his or her personal or job performance	[15,16,31,72,73]
	PU1	Ophthalmic AI devices would help me to cope with preventable eye diseases at an early stage	[16,31]
	PU2	Ophthalmic AI devices would provide detailed information and images of my eyes, which would be very useful for me	[16,31]
	PU3	Ophthalmic AI devices would help the medical institutions to recognize more treatable eye patients	[16,31]
	PU4	Ophthalmic AI devices would improve primary health care for health departments and save money	[16,31]
	PU5	Ophthalmic AI devices would be a good supplement to traditional health care approaches and fit with my medical philosophy	[16,31]
	PU6	Ophthalmic AI devices would fit my demand for eye health management	[16,31]
	PU7	Ophthalmic AI devices would achieve the same results as face-to-face diagnosis with an ophthalmologist	[16,31]
Perceived ease of use (PEOU)		The degree to which a person believes that ophthalmic AI devices would be easy to use	[15,16,31,72]
	PEOU1	I find the instructions for ophthalmic AI devices easy, clear, and understandable	[16,31]
	PEOU2	Ophthalmic AI devices would offer a more convenient way for me to cope with my eye disease without queuing for registration in hospitals and would save me time and money	[16,31]
Perceived behavioral control (PBC)		Perception of internal and external resource constraints to using ophthalmic AI devices, or the availability of skills, resources, and opportunities necessary to use them	[15,18,32,44]
	PBC1	I have enough knowledge to recognize whether the results of the report are reliable	[15,44]
	PBC2	I would receive appropriate technical assistance when encountering any difficulties in using ophthalmic AI devices or understanding the report	[15,44]
	PBC3	I would be able to use ophthalmic AI devices independently as long as I had enough time and made an effort to learn	[15,44]
Subjective norms (SN)		Perception of important (or relevant) others’ beliefs about my use of ophthalmic AI devices	[15,18,43,44,52]
	SN1	People who are important to me (family members, relatives, and close friends) think that I should use ophthalmic AI devices	[15,44]
	SN2	My colleagues or peers think that I should use ophthalmic AI devices	[15,44]
	SN3	My leaders or superiors think that I should use ophthalmic AI devices	[15,44]
Trust (TR)		The extent to which an individual believes that using ophthalmic AI devices is secure, reliable, effective, and poses no privacy threats	[44,52]
	TR1	I would trust that with big data and deep learning, ophthalmic AI devices could deliver a reliable report after analyzing my eye health images	[44,52]
	TR2	I would trust that ophthalmic AI devices are more accurate and reliable than human ophthalmologists, because they do not make subjective or empirical errors	[44,52]
	TR3	I would trust that stakeholders and reliable third parties would ensure the security and privacy of my personal data, health information, and images	[44,52]
Resistance bias (RB)		Resistance to a new technology owing to biases such as regret avoidance, inertia, and resistance to change	[31,51,56-58]
	RB1	I don’t want ophthalmic AI devices to change how I deal with eye diseases because I can’t be bothered and they are unfamiliar to me	[31,51]
	RB2	I don’t want to use ophthalmic AI devices because from past experience, these new high-tech products always fall flat during practical applications	[31,51]
	RB3	I might regret trying to use these ophthalmic devices because they could waste my time and effort	[31,51]
Eye health consciousness (EHC)		Awareness and care of eye health conditions, and the degree to which eye health concerns are integrated into a person’s daily activities	[31,49]
	EHC1	I am aware of and very concerned about my eye health	[31,49]
	EHC2	I would make efforts to manage my eye health	[31,49]
Perceived risks (PR)		A combination of uncertainty and seriousness of an outcome in relation to performance, safety, psychological or social uncertainties	[28,52,53,73]
	PR1	There is a possibility of malfunction and performance failure, so they might fail to deliver accurate diagnoses or recommendations and could increase conflicts between members of the public and medical institutions	[52,53]
	PR2	I am concerned that my personal information and health details would be insecure and could be accessed by stakeholders or unauthorized persons, leading to misuse and discrimination	[52,53]
	PR3	Considering the difficulties involved in taking high-quality images for AI analysis, I think there is a risk of incorrect screening results	[52,53]
	PR4	Given the vision problems I possibly already have, such as visual fatigue, dry eye, or presbyopia, I might find it hard to read the printed or electronic report from ophthalmic AI devices	[52,53]
	PR5	Because I might have difficulty understanding the screening report correctly by myself, it might increase my anxiety about my eye health	[52,53]
	PR6	Because practitioners with little ophthalmic knowledge might find it difficult to understand the screening report and explain the terminology and results to me, they might increase my anxiety of about my eye health	[52,53]
Intention to use (IU)		An individual’s motivation or willingness to exert effort to use ophthalmic AI devices	[15,43,44]
	IU1	I intend to use ophthalmic AI devices as my first choice if I feel eye discomfort	[15,44]
	IU2	I will encourage my friends/relatives to use ophthalmic AI devices first if they feel eye discomfort	[15,44]
	IU3	I will encourage healthy people to use ophthalmic AI devices for eye health path screening	[15,44]

^aAI: artificial intelligence.