Table 3.

Individual taxa showing a differential relative abundance between current-smokers and never-smokers

Taxa	Median relative abundance			P value* (PBonferroni†)
	Current-smokers (n=592)	Former-smokers (n=477)	Never-smokers (n=547)	Current-smokers versus never-smokers	Former-smokers versus never-smokers	Current-smokers versus non-smokerst‡
Phylum Actinobacteria	12.35%	10.25%	9.36%	1.29×10−12 (3.24×10−11)	0.44 (1.00)	1.10×10−17 (2.75×10−16)
Family Actinomycetaceae	3.08%	2.51%	2.48%	1.65×10−4(4.11×10−3)	0.29 (1.00)	3.62×10−7 (9.06×10−6)
Genus Actinomyces	3.05%	2.40%	2.42%	1.28×10−4 (3.19×10−3)	0.25 (1.00)	2.06×10−7 (5.14×10−6)
Species Actinomyces graevenitzii	0.36%	0.15%	0.16%	9.36×10−10 (2.34×10−8)	0.53 (1.00)	6.71×10−15 (1.68×10−13)
Species Actinomyces graevenitzii	1.44%	0.95%	0.94%	2.26×10−6 (5.64×10−5)	0.91 (1.00)	2.73×10−9 (6.82×10−8)
Genus Rothia	6.64%	5.50%	4.81%	2.76×10−9 (6.91×10−8)	0.27 (1.00)	1.77×10−12 (4.43×10−11)
Species Rothia mucilaginosa	5.64%	4.65%	3.87%	5.02×10−10 (1.25×10−8)	0.11 (1.00)	2.66×10−13 (6.64×10−12)
Family Coriobacteriaceae	0.13%	0.09%	0.12%	1.24×10−5 (3.11×10−4)	0.18 (1.00)	2.39×10−8 (5.97×10−7)
Genus Atopobium	0.13%	0.09%	0.12%	1.98×10−5 (4.95×10−4)	0.17 (1.00)	3.90×10−8 (9.75×10−7)
Species Atopobium parvulum	0.11%	0.08%	0.10%	2.21×10−5 (5.52×10−4)	0.15 (1.00)	2.22×10−8 (5.54×10−7)
Phylum Proteobacteria	2.47%	6.22%	7.22%	3.03×10−21 (7.58×10−20)	0.76 (1.00)	1.91×10−21 (4.77×10−20)
Family Neisseriaceae	0.06%	1.01%	1.06%	4.52×10−25 (1.13×10−23)	0.88 (1.00)	1.91×10−24 (4.78×10−23)
Genus Neisseria	0.05%	0.87%	1.01%	2.74×10−24 (6.86×10−23)	0.92 (1.00)	6.28×10−24 (1.57×10−22)
Species Neisseria pharyngis	0.01%	0.09%	0.11%	4.81×10−15 (1.20×10−13)	0.96 (1.00)	2.77×10−13 (6.94×10−12)
Species N. subflava	0.03%	0.43%	0.62%	3.95×10−22 (9.87×10−21)	0.75 (1.00)	2.50×10−21 (6.24×10−20)
Family Pasteurellaceae	1.71%	3.85%	4.30%	1.40×10−14 (3.49×10−13)	0.80 (1.00)	3.76×10−15 (9.39×10−14)
Genus Aggregatibacter	0.06%	0.10%	0.16%	3.71×10−5 (8.43×10−4)	0.46 (1.00)	2.71×10−4 (6.77×10−3)
Genus Haemophilus	1.39%	3.44%	3.89%	1.63×10−14 (4.08×10−13)	0.90 (1.00)	2.18×10−15 (5.46×10−14)
Species Haemophilus parahaemolyticus	0.16%	0.51%	0.48%	2.55×10−15 (6.37×10−14)	0.36 (1.00)	4.66×10−16 (1.16×10−14)
Species H. paraphrohaemolyticus	1.21%	2.81%	3.03%	9.59×10−13 (2.40×10−11)	0.66 (1.00)	3.82×10−13 (9.55×10−12)
Phylum Bacteroidetes
Species Prevotella sp. oral taxon 313	4.45%	2.90%	2.97%	5.57×10−5 (1.39×10−3)	0.37 (1.00)	3.57×10−6 (8.93×10−5)
Family Flavobacteriaceae	0.04%	0.10%	0.10%	6.67×10−5 (1.67×10−3)	0.15 (1.00)	5.51×10−5 (1.38×10−3)
Phylum Firmicutes
Genus Gemella	1.30%	1.90%	2.34%	4.30×10−15 (1.07×10−13)	0.02 (0.49)	1.16×10−11 (2.90×10−10)
Species Streptococcus oligofermentans	0.13%	0.43%	0.42%	1.60×10−20 (4.00×10−19)	0.62 (1.00)	6.42×10−23 (1.60×10−21)
Species Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 057	10.36%	9.01%	8.07%	1.59×10−10 (3.99×10−9)	0.07 (1.00)	3.46×10−9 (8.64×10−8)
Species Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 070	23.23%	22.69%	23.67%	6.93×10−5 (1.73×10−3)	0.43 (1.00)	1.28×10−4 (3.19×10−3)
Genus Megasphaera	0.26%	0.10%	0.12%	2.05×10−8 (5.13×10−7)	0.43 (1.00)	7.29×10−12 (1.82×10−10)
Species Megasphaera micronuciformis	0.24%	0.10%	0.11%	1.95×10−7(4.88×10−6)	0.40 (1.00)	1.52×10−10 (3.81×10−9)

^*P values were calculated by logistic regression. Sequencing batch as well as other covariates (age, sex, race, BMI, alcohol consumption, oral health and disease status at the first follow-up and total energy intake) were adjusted for.

^†Bonferroni correction, adjusted for 25 independent tests.

^‡Non-smokers includes former-smokers and never-smokers.

BMI, body mass index.