. 2019 Oct 8;27(1):159–174. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocz169

Table 2.

Description of the ontologies identified within the CDSSs

Author	Ontology scope	Sources of knowledge	Ontology—source(s)^a	Ontology size^b
Author	Ontology scope	Sources of knowledge	Ontology—source(s)^a	Concepts	Properties
Mohammed and Benlamri¹¹	Patient parameter; diseases and symptoms	Existing ontologies	Multiple existing plus new	>241^b	13 **
Sene et al¹²	Medical concepts in geriatric oncology	Lit, domain experts	New	61^b	ND
Denekamp and Peleg¹³	Clinical data items related to diagnosis	Lit, CPG, domain experts	New	5^b	6 **
Uciteli et al³⁵	Perioperative risk	CPG, domain experts, existing ontology	Multiple existing	19^b	13^b
Bau et al³⁶	Medical knowledge related to DM2 management	Domain expert, EHR, hospital clinical workflow	New	31^b	13^b
Merlo et al³⁷	Structure and the semantics of functional behavioral assessment methods	Domain experts, lit	New	15^b	15^b
Jimenez-Molina et al³⁸	Medical context; clinical pathways; healthcare professionals	CPG, domain experts, EHR	New	24^b	24^b
Shen et al³⁹	Infectious disease	Existing ontologies, lit, CPG, websites	New	1 267 004	12^b
El-Sappagh et al⁴⁰	DM2	Lit, CPG, domain experts, EHR, existing ontologies	Multiple existing	>10 700	279
Abidi⁴¹	CPG	CPG, domain experts	New	102	58
Beierle et al⁴²	Cancer drugs: active ingredients, interactions, drug regimens	Lit, EHR, existing software	Revised existing	40^b	18^b
Shang et al⁴³	HTN and DM2 CPGs; disease concepts related to HTN and DM2	CPG	New	47	121
Berges⁴⁴	Physiotherapy process related to glenohumeral joint	Existing ontologies and databases, EHR treatment protocol, domain experts	Multiple existing	2351	100
Qi et al⁴⁵	Spondylarthritis and definitions for alert type	Lit, CPG, domain experts	New	22^b	22^b
Alsomali et al⁴⁶	Penicillin allergy related adverse events	Lit, existing ontologies	New	52	15
Zhang et al⁴⁷	Patient data, CDS related domain knowledge, CDS rules	CPG	New	62	94^b
Wilk et al²⁷	Clinical workflow, interdisciplinary healthcare team member and patient specific concepts	Lit, domain experts	Revised existing	21^b	19^b
Zhang et al⁴⁸	DM2	Lit, CPG, EHR, domain experts, existing terminologies	New	127	196
Rosier et al⁴⁹	AF and CIED alerts	Lit	New	252	25
Jafarpour et al⁵⁰	Nursing, CHF, and AF CPGs	Existing ontology	Revised existing	12^b	13^b
Alharbi et al⁵¹	Diabetes	CPG, domain experts	New	7^b	19
Shen et al¹⁴	Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment (example: gastric cancer)	Lit, EHR	New	92^b	58^b
El-Sappagh et al⁵²	Case base reasoning context in diabetes; patient attributes	Domain experts, lit, CPG, existing ontology, EHR	Multiple existing	132	48^b
Budovec et al²⁶	Radiology information needed for diagnosis	Lit, domain experts	New	4^b	3^b
Wang et al⁵³	CPG	EHR, CPG, domain experts	New	88^b	11^b
Eccher et al⁵⁴	Cancer treatment	Domain experts, oncological workflows, existing ontologies	New	82^b	9^b
Martínez-Romero et al⁵⁵	Medical care related to acute cardiac disorder in cardiac-ICU	Lit, domain experts	New	40^b	7^b
Farrish and Grando⁵⁶; Grando et al⁵⁷	Generic drugs and related information	Lit, existing ontologies, CPG, domain experts	Multiple existing	16^b	35^b
Omaish et al⁵⁸	CPG related to ACS management	CPG, domain experts	New	29^b	1^b
Riaño et al⁵⁹	Chronic disease management, home care	CPG, lit, EHR, domain experts, ICD10	New	143^b	8^b
Adnan et al⁶⁰	Medication knowledge specific to post discharge patient information	EHR, lit, existing websites and terminologies	New	40^b	7^b
Prcela et al⁶¹	Heart failure	CPG (congestive and acute HF)	New	200	> 100
Hussain and Abidi⁶²	Imaging CPG; patient health parameters	CPG (EU Radiation Protection 118 Referral Guideline for Imaging)	New	30^b	7^b
Abidi⁶³; Abidi et al⁶⁴	Structure of BC follow-up CPG; patient parameter; medical knowledge related to BC found within the CPG	CPG, domain experts	New	12^b	45^b
Fox et al⁶⁵	BC (diagnosis, treatment, management)	Lit, CPG, existing ontologies	Multiple existing plus new	79^b	ND
Achour et al⁶⁶	blood transfusion	Domain experts, existing terminologies	New	17^b	2^b
Wheeler et al⁶⁷	CPGs, behavior change theories, and associated behavior change strategies related to HTN	CPG, Lit, domain experts	New	50	71
Sadki et al²⁵	Patient data in BC stage and management	CPG	New	4^b	6^b

AF: atrial fibrillation; BC: breast cancer; CDSS: clinical decision support system; CHF: congestive heart failure; CIED: cardiac implant electronic devices; CPG: clinical pathway guideline; DM2: diabetes mellitus type 2; EHR: electronic health record; HF: heart failure; HTN: hypertension; ICU: intensive care unit; Lit: literature; ND: not discernable.

^aIdentify if the clinical reasoning ontology discussed is new, existing, or revised; new—if it is a new ontology created by the development team specifically for the CDSS; existing—if the development team used an ontology that is already in existence without altering it; revised—if the development team used an already existing ontology but with some alterations to suit the CDSS purpose.

^bOntology size is not explicitly stated. The size is determined by adding the number of concepts and properties described within the article (in body or in images).