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. 2019 Dec 13;7:e8143. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8143

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©2019 Jeong et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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Real-time PCR results for (A) pluripotent related genes (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Cdx2), (B) apoptosis related genes (Bax, Bak, Bcl-xl, Bcl2) and (C) implantation related genes (VEGF, IFNG, LIF) at blastocysts in the indicated groups. All genes were normalized with the GAPDH gene. (*P < 0.05). For all panels, n indicates number of embryos examined. Re = 3. 1X; one zona-free embryo, 3X; three zona-free embryos.