Table 5.

OLS and 2SLS estimates of years of education on single health biomarker.

	(1) BMI		(2) Hba1c
	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS
Years of education	−0.013	−0.080	−0.008	−0.064
	[−0.019, −0.007]	[−0.161, −0.003]	[−0.012, −0.004]	[−0.120,-0.008]
Observations	3905	3905	3899	3899
R2	0.034		0.012
First stage F statistics		22.22		23.26
p-Value DWH test		0.0879		0.0300

	(3) Systolic blood pressure		(4) Diastolic blood pressure
	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS
Years of education	−0.006	−0.023	0.010	0.010
	[−0.011, −0.001]	[−0.091, 0.044]	[−0.035, 0.056]	[−0.035, 0.056]
Observations	3814	3814	3814	3814
R2	0.034		0.070
F statistics		21.838		21.838***
p-Value DWH test		0.6113		0.6267

	(5) Cholesterol ratio		(6) Cystatin C
	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS
Years of education	−0.057	−0.025	−0.004	−0.024
	[−0.078, −0.034]	[−0.292, 0.242]	[−0.007, −0.001]	[−0.075, 0.027]
Observations	2342	2342	2596	2596
R2	0.030		0.001
F statistics		17.28		10.47
p-Value DWH test		0.8174		0.4147

	(7) C-reactive protein		(8) aist circumferences
	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS
Years of education	−0.007	−0.025	−0.016	−0.045
	[−0.011, −0.002]	[−0.067, 0.059]	[−0.022, −0.010]	[−0.124, 0.035]
Observations	3858	3858	3862	3862
R2	0.008		0.024
F statistics		22.57		23.31
p-Value DWH test		0.9353		0.4707

	(9) Handgrip
	(a) OLS	(b) 2SLS, PGS
Years of education	−0.013	−0.036
	[−0.018, −0.007]	[−0.109, 0.036]
Observations	3749	3749
R2	0.252
F statistics		19.86
p-Value DWH test		0.5212

Note: All regressions include respondent's age, age square, gender, and top 10 principal components for their respective population stratification. DWH refers to the Durbin-Wu-Hausman test.