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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 16.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacotherapy. 2017 Sep 6;37(9):1150–1163. doi: 10.1002/phar.1982

Table 2:

Performance of race/ethnicity-specific versus traditional genotype-guided warfarin dosing algorithms in diverse populations

Study algorithm1 Population n2 Genetic Factors3 Clinical Factors3 Genetic + Clinical algorithm (R2) Gage algorithm (R2) IWPC algorithm (R2)
Individuals of African Ancestry
Alzubiedi et al. 201643 African American 163 CYP2C9*2, *3, *5; VKORC1 −1639G>A; CYP4F2*3; rs12777823 age, weight, CHF, CM 38% NR 26%
Hernandez et al. 201446 African American 349 CYP2C9 *2,*3,*5,*8, *11, 18786T; VKORC1 −1639G>A, −8191A; rs12777823 age, weight, VTE 27% NR 15%
Ramirez et al. 201244 African American 145 CYP2C9*2, *3, *6, *8; VKORC1 −1639G>A; CALU rs339097; CYP4F2*3 age, BSA, sex, race, smoking, CM, VTE 41% NR 29%
Latino Populations
Ramos et al. 201249 Puerto Rican 163 CYP2C9*2, *3, *5; VKORC1 −1639G>A age, PE, CM, dose-adjusted INR 67% NR 36%
Botton et al. 201167 Brazilian4 279 CYP2C9 *2, *3; VKORC1 −1639G>A, rs7294; CYP4F2*3; F2 rs5896 age, weight, CM 63% 42% 46%
Individuals of Asian Ancestry
Lin et al. 201668 (Miao et al. algorithm) Chinese 208 CYP2C9*3; VKORC1 −1639G>A age, weight 34% NR 27%
Cho et al. 201669 Korean 101 CYP2C9*3; VKORC1 −1639G>A age, weight 51% 32% 37%
Zhao et al. 201470 (Zhang et al. algorithm) Chinese 122 CYP2C9*3; VKORC1 −1639G>A age, weight 67% 53% 31%
Lei et al. 201271 (Wu et al. algorithm) Chinese 368 CYP2C9*2, *3; VKORC1 −1639G>A age, sex, weight 55% 58% 52%
Cho et al. 201172 Korean 108 CYP2C9*3; VKORC1 −1639G>A age, BSA, CM 46% 4% 49%

BSA, body surface area; CALU, calumenin; CHF, congestive heart failure; CM, concomitant medication; CYP, Cytochrome P450; INR, international normalized ratio; IWPC, International Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Consortium; NR, not reported; PE, pulmonary embolism; VKORC1=Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1; VTE, indication for venous thromboembolism.

1)

Algorithms studied were developed in the study cited unless otherwise specified. If multiple algorithms were compared in the reference study, the best performing algorithm is included in the table.

2)

Indicates derivation cohort minus validation cohort

3)

Genetic and clinical factors included in the final novel algorithm. VKORC1 −1639A polymorphisms may be genotyped using tag SNPs such as VKORC1 1173T or 6484T.

4)

Brazilian patients specified as having European ancestry