Table 2.

Correlation matrix and descriptive data (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) of observed variables included in the structural equation model in the second measurement time point (Time 2, end of the semester).

Measure	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1	–
2	0.37**	–
3	0.12*	0.22**	–
4	0.06	0.19**	0.51**	–
5	−0.06	−0.12*	−0.20**	−0.09	–
6	−0.10	−0.11*	−0.17**	−0.09	0.40**	–
7	0.11*	0.13**	0.16**	0.09	−0.08	−0.07	–
8	0.17**	0.18**	0.23**	0.15**	−0.12*	−0.12*	0.22**	–
9	0.08	0.10*	0.13*	0.04	−0.14**	−0.13*	0.01	0.09	–
10	0.07*	0.09	0.12*	0.02	−0.14**	−0.11*	0.13*	0.14**	0.23**	–
11	0.28**	0.35**	0.13*	−0.02	−0.12*	−0.14**	0.21**	0.23**	0.21**	0.32**	–
M	32.73	14.37	3.80	1.48	2.82	2.56	3.69	3.43	5.51	3.27	3.01
SD	9.02	1.72	1.21	0.50	0.85	0.91	0.86	0.95	2.44	1.66	0.95
Skewness	0.08	0.36	−0.24	0.09	0.49	0.68	−01.16	−0.81	0.05	−0.27	−0.20
Kurtosis	−0.17	−0.13	−0.76	−01.99	0.38	0.46	1.83	0.56	−0.71	−01.61	−0.03

1, Language skills; 2, high school GPA; 3, parental cultural capital; 4, first-generation student; 5, surface motivation; 6, surface strategy; 7, deep motivation; 8, deep strategy; 9, study time; 10, class attendance; 11, academic achievement.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01.