Table 3.

Standardized direct effects at the beginning (Time 1) and at the end (Time 2) of semester of the first year.

	Coefficients		Standardized errors		Critical ratio		Sign.
	T1	T2	T1	T2	T1	T2	T1	T2
Academic preparation → surface approach	−0.733	−0.225	0.004	0.011	−6.732	−2.240	0.000	0.025
Academic preparation → deep approach	0.456	0.664	0.004	0.011	4.099	3.914	0.000	0.000
Sociocultural status → surface approach	−0.019	−0.225	0.016	0.045	−0.332	−2.324	0.740	0.020
Sociocultural status → deep approach	0.10	0.175	0.013	0.027	0.196	1.779	0.844	0.075
Surface approach → behavioral engagement	−0.782	−0.156	0.404	0.144	−5.463	−1.596	0.000	0.111
Deep approach → behavioral engagement	0.268	0.687	0.212	0.512	3.791	3.315	0.000	0.000
Behavioral engagement → academic achievement	0.760	0.719	0.113	0.190	8.281	4.468	0.000	0.000
Academic preparation ↔ sociocultural status	0.261	0.297	0.444	0.461	4.322	3.677	0.000	0.000

T1, measurement at the beginning of semester; T2, measurement at the end of semester.