Table 1.
Randomized controlled trials involving smartphones in the field of psychiatry identified in systematic search updated in August 2019. Description of basic information and trial design. The bottom 5 trials in italics are trials with diagnoses solely based on questionnaires.
| Author, year of publication | Country | Trial design | Protocola | Female/total | Analyzed (power calculation) | Age (years), mean (SD) | Intervention length (weeks) | Posttreatment follow-up (weeks) |
| Watts et al, 2013 [22] | Australia | Pilot RCTb | N/Ac | 28/35 | 25 (N/A) | 41 (12.4) | 8 | 12 |
| Dagöö et al, 2014 [23] | Sweden | RCT | N/A | 39/57 | 52 (N/A) | 52 | 9 | 12 |
| Gustafson et al, 2014 [24] | United States | RCT | N/Ac | 137/349 | 349 (350) | 38 (10) | 32 | 16 |
| Ly et al, 2014 [25] | Sweden | RCT | N/Ac | 57/81 | 81 (N/A) | 36.0 (10.8) | 8 | 16 |
| Depp et al, 2015 [26] | United States | RCT | N/Ac | 48/82 | 82 (N/A) | 47.5 | 10 | 14 |
| Faurholt-Jepsen et al, 2015 [27] | Denmark | RCT | Publishedc | 45/67 | 78 (56) | 18-60d | 24 | No |
| Ly et al, 2015 [28] | Sweden | NIe RCT | Attached | 65/95 | 93 (93) | 18-73d | 9 | 24 |
| Moëll et al, 2015 [29] | Sweden | RCT | N/Ac | 39/57 | 57 (N/A) | 36.8 (10.9) | 6 | No |
| Ivanova et al, 2016 [30] | Sweden | RCTf | Publishedc | 98/152 | 152 (150) | 35.3 | 10 | 52 |
| Hildebrandt et al, 2017 [31] | United States | RCT | N/Ac | 55/66 | 66 (80) | 32.1 | 12 | 24 |
| Mantani et al, 2017 [32] | Japan | RCT | Publishedc | 87/164 | 164 (164) | 25-59d | 8 | 17 |
| Ben-Zeev et al, 2018 [33] | United States | RCT | N/Ac | 67/163 | 163 (160) | 49 (10) | 12 | 12 |
| Boettcher et al, 2018 [34] | Sweden/Germany | RCTf | N/A | 161/209 | 209 (N/A) | 35.4 (12.4) | 12 | 52 |
| Bucci et al, 2018 [35] | England | Pilot RCT | Publishedc | 18/36 | 36 (N/A) | N/A | 12 | 10 |
| Hur et al, 2018 [36] | Republic of Korea | Pilot RCT | N/A | 26/48 | 34 (N/A) | ≈24 | 3 | No |
| Liang et al, 2018 [37] | China | Pilot RCT | N/A | 21/74 | 75 (N/A) | 41.6 (8.0) | 4 | No |
| Schlosser et al, 2018 [38] | United States | RCT | N/A | 15/43 | 43 (N/A) | 24 | 12 | 12 |
| Stolz et al, 2018 [39] | Switzerland | RCTf | N/Ac | 94/150 | 150 (141) | 35 | 12 | 12 |
| Faurholt-Jepsen et al, 2019 [40] | Denmark | RCT | Publishedc | 76/129 | 129 (117) | 43 (12.4) | 36 | No |
| Krzystanek et al, 2019 [41] | Poland | RCT | N/Ac | 116/290 | Varying | 32.1 (6.2) | 52 | No |
| Stiles-Shields et al, 2019 [42] | United States | Pilot RCT | N/A | N/A/30 | 27 (N/A) | N/A | 6 | 4 |
| Teng et al, 2019 [43] | Taiwan | RCTf | N/A | 61/82 | 82 (N/A) | ≈21.5 | 4 | 4 |
| Enock et al, 2014 [44] | United States | RCT | N/A | 205/429 | 326g (N/A) | 18-68d | 4 | 8 |
| Roepke et al, 2015 [45] | United States | RCTf | N/A | 197/283 | 283 (207) | 40.2 (12) | 4 | 2 |
| Miner et al, 2016 [46] | United States | Pilot RCT | N/A | 40/49 | 49 (N/A) | 45.7 (13.9) | 4 | 4 |
| Possemato et al, 2015 [47] | United States | Pilot RCT | N/A | 1/20 | 20 (N/A) | 42 | 8 | No |
| Kuhn et al, 2017 [48] | United States | RCT | N/A | 83/120 | 120 (120) | 39 | 12 | 12 |
aMentioned in the article.
bRCT: randomized controlled trial.
cTrial is registered.
dAge interval (mean not given in the article).
eNI: noninferiority.
fThe trial had 3 arms.
gIncluded in the analysis if score is greater than cutoff.