. 2019 Oct 27;21(10):e15362. doi: 10.2196/15362

Table 2.

Randomized controlled trials involving smartphones in the field of psychiatry identified in systematic search updated in August 2019. Description of participant characteristics and outcome data. The bottom 5 trials in italics indicate trials with diagnoses solely based on questionnaires.

Author, year of publication	Diagnosis	How was the diagnosis obtained?	Recruitment: open/closed (recruitment length in months); information	Primary outcome^a	Questionnaire data collection
Watts et al, 2013 [22]	Major depressive disorder (R^b)	MINI^c phone interview + PHQ-9^d	Open (3 months); advertising + application on a Web page	Questionnaire(PHQ-9, BDI-II^e, K-10^f, and other)	N/A^g
Dagöö et al, 2014 [23]	Social anxiety disorder (R)	MINI phone interviews SCID^h	Open (2011 and 2012); advertising in media and Facebook.	Questionnaire (LSAS-SRⁱ)^a	Internet platform
Gustafson et al, 2014 [24]	Alcohol use disorder (C^j)	From treatment centers (DSM-IV^k)	Closed (17 months); from 3 nonprofit residential treatment centers	Risky drinking days^a	Phone interview
Ly et al, 2014 [25]	Major depressive disorder (R)	MINI phone interview	Open (N/A); advertising in national media	Questionnaires (PHQ-9 and BDI-II)^a	Internet platform
Depp et al, 2015 [26]	Bipolar disorder (R+C)	Medical records + MINI interview	Open (N/A); online, self-help groups, outpatient clinics, and communities	Clinical ratings (MADRS^l and YMRS^m)^a	N/A
Faurholt-Jepsen et al, 2015 [27]	Bipolar disorder (R+C)	From outpatient clinic + SCANⁿ	Closed (18 months); recruitment from specialized hospital function	Clinical rating (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 item and YMRS)^a	Paper
Ly et al, 2015 [28]	Major depressive disorder (R)	MINI phone interview + PHQ-9	Open (N/A); advertising in media (for patients’ self-identifying as depressed)	Questionnaires (BDI-II)^a	Internet platform
Moëll et al, 2015 [29]	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (R+C)	Medical records + DSM-IV phone	Open (N/A); by patient websites and Facebook	Questionnaire Adult Self-Reported Scale subscale^a	Internet platform
Ivanova et al, 2016 [30]	Social anxiety/panic disorder (R+C)	MINI phone + questionnaires	Open (2 months); advertising in national medias	Questionnaire (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, LSAS-SR, + more a)^a	Internet platform
Hildebrandt et al, 2017 [31]	Binge eating and bulimia (R)	SCID interview + questionnaires	Both (N/A); community advertising and referrals	Clinical ratings (objective bulimic episodes Eating Disorder Examination)^a	Paper and in-app
Mantani et al, 2017 [32]	Major depressive disorder (R+C)	Personal by treating physician	Closed (25 months); recruited by treating physicians	Telephone (blinded; PHQ-9)^a	Telephone assessment
Ben-Zeev et al, 2018 [33]	Severe mental illness^o (C)	Chart diagnosis	Closed (27 months); identified from medical records, recruited by clinical teams	Questionnaire (Symptom Checklist-9) Engagement (objective)^a	N/A
Boettcher et al, 2018 [34]	Social anxiety disorder (R)	DSM-IV (phone)	Open (N/A); advertising in national media, Facebook	Questionnaire (LSAS-SR)^a	Internet platform
Bucci et al, 2018 [35]	Early psychosis (C)	From outpatient clinic	Closed (7 months); From early intervention for psychosis service	Objective measurements of feasibility and attrition^a	N/A
Hur et al, 2018 [36]	Depression (other)^p (R)	SCID non-patient interview + questionnaires	Open (N/A); advertising, online recruitment, posters and clinic	Questionnaires (Dysfunctional Attitude Scale)^a	N/A
Liang et al, 2018 [37]	Substance use disorder (C)	From methadone treatment clinics	Closed (11 months); from methadone maintenance clinics and via social workers	Robust objective measure (drug use measured in urine)	Interviews
Schlosser et al, 2018 [38]	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (R)	DSM-IV video-interview	Open (N/A); Craigslist, advertising, and information boards	Motivated behavior measured by trust task (objective task)^a	Internet platform
Stolz et al, 2018 [39]	Social anxiety disorder (R)	DSM-IV (master students)	Open (N/A); media and online forums	Questionnaires (Social Phobia Scale, SIAS^q, LSAS-SR)^a	Internet platform
Faurholt-Jepsen et al, 2019 [40]	Bipolar disorder (R+C)	SCAN	Closed (N/A); patients previously treated in specialized function invited	Clinical ratings (HDRS-17 + YMRS)^a	Paper
Krzystanek et al, 2019 [41]	Paranoid schizophrenia (C)	N/A (enrolled from treatment centers)	Closed (7 month); enrolled from 27 treatment centers	Many outcomes; clinical ratings (video; eg, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale)	N/A
Stiles-Shields et al, 2019 [42]	Depression (R)	Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology + MINI phone interview	Open (5 month); Craigslist	Questionnaires (eg, PHQ and usability)	Internet platform
Teng et al, 2019 [43]	Generalized Anxiety Disorder (R)	Questionnaire + DSM-IV subscale	N/A	Questionnaires (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, BDI-II + more)	N/A
Enock et al, 2014 [44]	Social anxiety disorder (R)	Questionnaire with cutoff	Open (40 months); news articles, message boards, craigslist.org, Google	Questionnaire (LSAS-SR, SIAS-17, and other)	Internet platform
Roepke et al, 2015 [45]	Depression (R)	Questionnaire CES-D^r above 16	Open (5 months); Website and Craigslist	Questionnaire (CES-D at posttest)^a	Internet platform
Miner et al, 2016 [46]	PTSD^s (R)	Questionnaire PCL-C^t >30	Open (16 months); flyers, websites, Craigslist	Questionnaire (PCL-C) + feasibility and acceptability	Internet platform
Possemato et al, 2016 [47]	PTSD (R+C)	Screened for PTSD + PCL >40	Closed (4 months); from veteran care unit, screened for PTSD.	Feasibility metrics + Questionnaires (PCL-S^u, PHQ-9)	N/A
Kuhn et al, 2017 [48]	PTSD (R)	Questionnaires PCL-C>34	Open (10 months); flyers, media, social media, Craigslist	Questionnaire (PCL–C)^a	Internet platform

^aWell-defined hierarchy in outcome measures.

^bR: research based.

^cMINI: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.

^dPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

^eBDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory.

^fK-10: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale.

^gN/A: not applicable.

^hSCID: Structured Clinical Interview.

ⁱLSAS-SR: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale—self-reported.

^jC: clinical based.

^kDSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

^lMADRS: Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.

^mYMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale.

ⁿSCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry.

^oSchizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

^pOther specified depressive disorder.

^qSIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.

^rCES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

^sPTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder.

^tPCL-C: Post-Traumatic Checklist—Civilian.

^uPCL-S: Post-Traumatic Checklist Scale.