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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Oct 14;107:641–655. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.007

Figure 3: The two major stress response systems and its modulation and timing.

Figure 3:

A. The sympathetic adrenal medullary (SAM) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) stress responses are depicted, as well as the main brain areas modulating the stress responses. B. The different timings of the multiple stress systems, which need to be taken into account when assessing them. In addition, different ways of quantifying the stress response are depicted. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone, AUCg/i = area under the curve with respect to ground/increase, AVP = Arginine-vasopressin, CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone, mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex