Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups (baseline recruitment at 18-20 weeks’ gestation).
| Characteristics | Intervention group (n=15) | Control group (n=15) | P valuea | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 29.3 (4.4) | 30.7 (5) | .45 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) |
|
.15 | ||
|
|
Chinese | 2 (13) | 6 (40) |
|
|
|
Malay | 12 (80) | 8 (53) |
|
|
|
Indian | 1 (7) | 0 (0) |
|
|
|
Others | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
|
| Smoking history (yes), n (%) | 4 (27) | 1 (6) | .33 | |
| Parity, n (%) | .60 | |||
|
|
0 | 7 (47) | 5 (33) |
|
|
|
1 | 4 (27) | 7 (47) |
|
|
|
≥2 | 4 (27) | 3 (20) |
|
| Maternal college degree (yes), n (%) | 3 (20) | 5 (33) | .68 | |
| Paternal college degree (yes), n (%) | 1 (7) | 4 (27) | .33 | |
| Household income ≥US $6000/month, n (%) | 3 (20) | 6 (40) | .43 | |
| Past history of pregnancy outcomes | .16 | |||
|
|
Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) |
|
|
|
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) |
|
|
|
Prepregnancy weight (kg), mean (SD) | 78.5 (15.8) | 73.9 (6.8) | .31 |
|
|
Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 31.0 (4.7) | 29.4 (2.2) | .27 |
| Gestational age at recruitment (weeks), mean (SD) | 19.2 (2.1) | 17.6 (2.8) | .08 | |
| Baseline body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 34.2 (4.3) | 31.3 (2.8) | .04 | |
| Baseline systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 118.6 (8.9) | 116.8 (9.4) | .59 | |
| Baseline diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 69.4 (4.6) | 64.1 (7.9) | .03 | |
aStudent t test or Fisher exact test.