Table 2.
Intervention effects on the primary outcome (stress) and secondary outcomes: Health-related quality of life, physical activity, awareness of woodlands, woodland visit frequency and length, visits to nature, connectedness to nature and social cohesion (n = 5460).
| Adjusted Models | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wald Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | β or OR (95% CI) | β or OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| (a) Stress (PSS) | OR 1.52 (0.78 to 2.27) | 3.58 (2.85 to 4.31) | <0.001 |
| (b) EQ-5D a | 0.017 (−0.007 to 0.040) | −0.007 (−0.030 to 0.016) | 0.14 |
| (c.i) Vigorous PA b | −152.9 (−422.6 to 116.8) | 221.2 (−43.46 to 485.9) | 0.03 |
| (c.ii) Moderate PA b | −215.4 ** (−409.4 to −21.39) | 249.2 ** (58.25 to 440.1) | <0.001 |
| (c.iii) Walking activity b | 203.3 ** (36.81 to 369.8) | −40.87 (−204.5 to 122.8) | 0.01 |
| (c.iv) Overall PA b | −282.4 (−732.1 to 167.3) | 275.2 (−163.2 to 713.5) | 0.07 |
| (d.i) Awareness of local woods | OR 2.26 (1.58 to 3.22) | OR 3.1 (2.15 to 4.46) | <0.001 |
| (d.ii) Frequency of woodland visits (summer) c | OR 0.79 (0.43 to 1.45) | OR 1.07 (0.57 to 1.99) | 0.63 |
| (d.iii) Frequency of woodland visits (winter) c | OR 1.45 (0.66 to 3.18) | OR 0.82 (0.38 to 1.77) | 0.42 |
| (d.iv) Length of woodland visits c | OR 0.43 (0.18 to 1.02) | OR 0.83 (0.36 to 1.90) | 0.15 |
| (d.v) Nature visits d | OR 1.33 (0.94 to 1.88) | OR 2.69 *** (1.9 to 3.81) | <0.001 |
| I Connectedness to nature | −0.19 * (−0.38 to −0.01) | 0.39 *** (0.2 to 0.57) | <0.001 |
| (f) Social cohesion | 0.44 *** (0.22 to 0.65) | 0.5 *** (0.29 to 0.7) | <0.001 |
Notes: Each row reports interaction coefficients of Type of Site and Wave for separate adjusted models. Measures for items(a) and (d.i) to (d.v) were set in binary form, with logistic regressions used and reported in terms of Odds Ratio (OR).
Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D).
Physical activity (PA) model estimates shown in terms of Metabolic Equivalent (MET)-min/week.
models using a reduced sample size, since only participants who had visited the target woodland areas for the study were included (n = 1393).
a combined measure of visits to the target local woods or to other local green space or woods. * p < 0.5, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0010. p values for test of differences <0.05 indicated in bold.