Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients with GDM
| Diet Group (n=354) | Insulin Group (n=180) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 30.6 ± 3.9 | 32.5 ± 4.1b | <0.001 |
| Bachelor degree and above (n/%) | 78 (22.0%) | 19 (10.6%) | 0.056 |
| Pre-gestational weight (kg) | 62.7 ± 11.1 | 68.3 ± 12.3b | <0.001 |
| Pre-gestational maximum weight (kg) | 65.3 ± 11.8 | 70.1 ± 11.7b | <0.001 |
| Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 4.2b | 0.001 |
| Maternal birth weight (g) | 3061 ± 586 | 3352 ± 546a | 0.012 |
| Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives (n/%) | 56 (15.8%) | 53 (29.4%) | 0.053 |
| Family history of diabetes in second-degree relatives (n/%) | 82 (23.2%) | 44 (24.4%) | 0.884 |
| Neck acanthosis nigricans (n/%) | 39 (11.1%) | 44 (24.4%)a | 0.028 |
| Armpit acanthosis nigricans (n/%) | 60 (16.9%) | 73 (40.6%)b | 0.002 |
| History of polycystic ovary syndrome (n/%) | 4 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1.000 |
| Previous adverse pregnancy outcomes (n/%) | 72 (20.3%) | 49 (27.2%) | 0.307 |
| In vitro fertilization (n/%) | 24 (6.8%) | 24 (13.3%) | 0.180 |
| Prenatal weight (kg) | 71.0 ± 11.1 | 76.8 ± 12.8b | <0.001 |
Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (maternal age, pre-gestational weight, maximum weight and BMI, maternal birth weight and prenatal weight), or percentage (other characteristics). aP<0.05, bP<0.01 vs the diet group.
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index.