. 2019 Nov 14;18(2):495–503. doi: 10.1007/s40200-019-00456-5

Table 1.

Serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations as well as computed HOMA-IR and HOMA-β scores for different animal groups at the end of the experiment

	NC	DBC	DPIL	DPIH	DBM	NTPI
Insulin (ρmol/L)	72.60 ± 2.47^c	31.61 ± 3.20^a	70.62 ± 3.29^bc	42.72 ± 4.35^ab	59.23 ± 1.70^b	80.97 ± 0.72^c
Fructosamine (μmol/L)	119 ± 5.39^a	867 ± 19.38^c	387 ± 11.04^b	442 ± 12.58^b	633 ± 13.18^b	118 ± 2.88^a
HOMA-IR	1.85 ± 0.76^a	8.71 ± 1.54^c	3.95 ± 1.1^ab	4.46 ± 0.46^b	4.32 ± 0.97^b	2.2 ± 0.54^a
HOMA-β	64.34 ± 2.45^d	2.9 ± 0.32^a	32.01 ± 1.97^c	18.93 ± 3.67^b	13.59 ± 2.34^b	67.11 ± 1.23^d

Results are expressed as mean ± SD of 5-7 rats

NC Normal Control, DBC Diabetic Control, DPIL Diabetic P. incana low dose, DPIH Diabetic P. incana high dose, DBM Diabetic Metformin, NTPI Normal P. incana high dose, HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistant, HOMA-beta Homeostatic model assessment - beta cell function

^a-dDifferent superscripts alphabets along a row indicate significant difference (Tukey’s-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p< 0.05)