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. 2019 Dec 16;9:19162. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55631-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human cortical organoids express ERBB4 and NRG-1. (A) The development of human cortical organoids. (a) Embryoid bodies. (b) Induction towards a neuronal fate. (c) The development of neuroepithelia. (d,e). Organoid maturation. (f) Forebrain structure within organoids (arrow) becomes evident after 40 days. (B) Representative sections of whole 20-day cortical organoids (a) and the inside of (b) cortical organoids stained for FOXG1 showing forebrain identity with structures displayed around the organoid core. At 40 days (c), FOXG1 staining was similar. SOX-2 (a neural stem cell marker) (red) and TUJ1 (a neuronal specific marker) (green) staining in cortical organoids at 20 (d) and 40 (e) days. (C) Cortical organoids expressed NRG-1 (a,b) and ERBB4 (c,d) at 20 and 40 days, respectively. Scale bar: 20 µm.