Table 1.
An overview of previous foot measurement studies, characterized in terms of the year of study publication, number of measured feet, sex, location of subjects, and measurement methods, as well as the measurements of the present study that were included in the previous studies (L: length, W: width, I: instep height, H: heel width).
| Study | Publ. | Number of feet | sex of subjects | Countries/races | Measurement method | Measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawes et al.9 | 1994 | 1,221 | male | North America, Japan and Korea | a digital caliper | L,W |
| Hawes et al.17 | 1994 | 1,197 | male | Caucasian | a sliding caliper | L,W,I,H |
| Kouchi10 | 1998 | 3,208 |
male and female male and female |
Japan, Indonesia, France, Australia |
a scriber and a measure tape | L,W,H |
| Mochimaru et al.18 | 2000 | 56 | female | Japan |
plaster models and a 3D digitalizer |
L,W,I,H |
| Wunderlich et al.3 | 2001 | 1,568 | male and female | USA |
a caliper and a measure tape |
L,W,I,H |
| Xiong et al.19 | 2008 | 50 | male and female | Hong Kong | Vorum 3D scanner | L,W,I |
| Krauss et al.5 | 2008 | 1,590 | male and female | Europe | Pedus 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Gangming et al.4 | 2009 | 90 | male and female | USA | plastec casts and an optical scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Krauss et al.20 | 2010 | 910 | female | Europe | Pedus 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Mickle et al.6 | 2010 | 624 | male and female | Australia | Infoot 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Jurca et al.16 | 2010 | 9,220 | male and female | Europe | Infoot 3D | L,W,I,H |
| Hong et al.7 | 2011 | 2,321 | male and female | China |
Ariel Motion analysis system |
L,W,I,H |
| Krauss et al.13 | 2011 | 574 | male and female | Caucasian | Pedus 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Rodrigo et al.21 | 2012 | 50 | male and female | Hong Kong | Vorum 3D scanner | |
| Domjanic et al.22 | 2013 | 166 | female | Croatia | Pedus 3D scanner | |
| Lee et al.12 | 2014 | 130 | male and female | Taiwan |
digital caliper, Infoot 3D scanner, digital footprint and ink footprint |
L,W,H |
| Lee et al.11 | 2015 | 42 | female | Taiwan and Japan | Infoot 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Lee et al.8 | 2015 | 3,000 | male and female | Taiwan | Infoot 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Baek et al.23 | 2016 | 350 | N/A | South Korea | NEXCAN 3D scanner | L,W,I,H |
| Stankovic et al.24 | 2018 | 124 | male and female | Belgium | FootIn3D scanner | |
| Wannop et al. 25 | 2018 | 2,902 | male | North America | several 3D scanners | L,W,H |
|
The present study |
2019 | 1,200,847 | male and female | North America, Europe and Asia |
Volumental 3D scanner |
L,W,I,H |