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. 2019 Dec 10;6:184. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00184

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Copyright © 2019 Fehlbaum, Chassard, Schwab, Voolaid, Fourmestraux, Derrien and Lacroix.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Growth and cytotoxin production in co-culture study of L. paracasei (LpC) with C. difficile DSM 1296 (Cdiff). (A) Viable cell counts (log₁₀ cfu mL⁻¹) of C. difficile and L. paracasei in single and co-cultures. (B) Cytotoxin titers produced during single and co-cultures after 13 and 25 h of incubation calculated relative to C. difficile cell counts. Values are means ± SD of triplicate analysis of two separate experiments (n = 6). Values with an asterisk (*) correspond to growth or cytotoxin titers in single cultures that are significantly different from co-cultures.