Table 3.
Distribution of patients (N = 643) by clinical outcome indicators against BRFSS, CDC/NCCDPHP (2008) benchmark.
| No. | Variable | Values | Frequency | PHCC results (%) | BRFSS baseline 2008 (%) | BRFSS target by 2020 (%) | z-score | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | HbA1c (%) | <7.0% | 223 | 35.5 | 53.1 | NA | −8.49 | <0.0001 |
| 7.0–7.9% | 174 | 27.7 | — | — | ||||
| 8.0–8.9% | 100 | 15.9 | — | — | ||||
| 9.0–9.9% | 67 | 10.7 | — | — | ||||
| ≥10.0% | 64 | 10.2 | — | — | ||||
| 2. | BP control (<140/90) | Controlled | 440 | 70.2 | 51.8 | 57.0 | 9.10 | <0.0001 |
| Uncontrolled | 187 | 29.8 | — | — | ||||
| 3. | LDL level (mmol/L) | <2.6 | 397 | 73.8 | 53.0 | 58.3 | 9.52 | <0.0001 |
| 2.6–4.0 | 117 | 21.7 | — | — | ||||
| ≥4.1 | 24 | 4.5 | — | — | ||||
| 4 | Annual U-ACR measurement ([albuminuria (UCR <3.0) (mg/mmol)] | 80.9 | 33.6 | 37.0 | 36.80 | <0.0001 | ||
| Present | 204 | 39.2 | — | — | ||||
| Absent | 316 | 60.8 | — | — | ||||
| 5. | Annual eye examination (retinopathy) | Present | 56 | 72.3 8.7 | 53.4 | 58.7 | 9.06 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 587 | 91.3 | — | — | ||||
| 6 | Comprehensive foot examination | 89.6 | 68.0 | 74.8 | 8.11 | <0.0001 | ||
| 7. | Vitamin D level (ng/ml) | Normal (≥30) | 90 | 17.5 | — | — | ||
| Insufficient (20–29) | 223 | 43.4 | — | — | ||||
| Deficient (<20) | 201 | 39.1 | — | — | ||||
| 8. | Pooled target (HBA1c, LDL-C, BP)∗ | — | 12.4 | 14.0∗∗ | NA | −3.01 | 0.0026 |
U-ACR: urine albumin creatinine ratio; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; BP: blood pressure; BRFSS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC/NCCDPHP, 2008; PHCC: Primary Health Care Corporation. ∗Among nonsmokers. ∗∗Source: American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2017 value [15] rather than (BRFSS), CDC/NCCDPHP [11].