Table 2.
The methodology of FF preparation for pigs diets
| Study | Time | Temperature | Starter cultures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ao et al. (2010) | 48 h | NA 1 | Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 |
| Ao et al. (2011) | 5 d | NA | Bifidobacterium H-1 |
| Chamorro-Ramirez (2017) | 72 h | 28 to 32 ℃ | Yeast |
| Cho et al. (2007) | 48 h | NA | A. Oryzae GB-107 |
| Cho et al. (2013) | 36 h for oat and wheat; 42 h for corn | NA | Bacillus subtilis 2-19cx (oat and corn) or Aspergillus niger GB-124 (wheat) |
| Feng et al. (2007) | 48 h | NA | A. oryzae |
| Hung et al. (2008) | 72 h | 32 ± 2 ℃ | Probiotic |
| Jeong and Kim. (2015) | 5 d | 30 °C | Bacillus licheniformis species |
| Jones et al. (2010) | NA | NA | NA |
| Kim et al. (2006a) | 60 d | NA | NA |
| Kim et al. (2006b) | 60 d | NA | NA |
| Kim et al. (2006c) | NA | NA | Fungal and bacterial |
| Kim et al. (2010) | 48 h | NA | A. oryzae GB-107 |
| Kraler et al (2015) | NA | NA | Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum |
| Li et al. (2011) | 4 d | 25 °C | Streptococcus thermophilus (CGMCC No.1.2471), B. subtilis (MA 193), and Saccharomyces cerevisae (CGMCC No.2.1793). |
| Liu et al. (2017) | 14 d | 30 ◦C | B. subtilis MA139, Enterococcus faecium, and S. cerevisae |
| Park et al. (2018) | 42 h | NA | B. subtilis 2-19cx |
| Rafai et al. (2011) | 18 h | 30 ℃ | S. Cerevisiae |
| Shi et al. (2016) | 72 h | 32 °C | A. niger |
| Wang et al. (2007) | 72 h | 37 °C | Lactobacillus plantarum NF8 |
| Wang et al. (2014) | 5 d | 40 °C | B. subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and S. cerevisiae |
| Xu et al. (2017) | 48 h | NA | NA |
| Yan and Kim. (2013) | 2 d to 5 wk | 25 °C | Weissella koreensis |
| Yan et al. (2011) | 24 h | 25 °C | Weissella koreensis |
| Yan et al. (2012a) | 72 h | NA | Carlina vulgaris |
| Yan et al. (2012b) | 24 h | 25 °C | Weissella Koreensis |
| Yuan et al. (2017) | 48 h | 37 °C | Lactobacillus casei (CGMCC1.62), B. subtilis (CGMCC1.504), and Hansenula anomala (CGMCC2.881) |
| Zhang et al. (2018) | 24 h | 37 °C | B. Subtilis |
| Zhao et al. (2016) | 2 d | 30 °C | Bacillus licheniformis species |
| Zhou et al. (2015) | 96 h | 28 to 30 °C | Candida tropicalis and A. oryzae |
1 NA, not applicable.