Table 1.
Baseline Patient Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Clinical Histories of the CKD and HF Cohorts Stratified by the RAASi Dose Achieved During the Majority of Patients’ Follow‐Up Period
| Variable | CKD Cohort | HF Cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAASi Dose Achieved During the Majority (≥75%) of Follow‐Up | RAASi Dose Achieved During the Majority (≥75%) of Follow‐Up | |||||||
| Non‐RAASi (n=71 008) | <50% of ESC‐Recommended Dose (n=27 935)a | ≥50% of ESC‐Recommended Dose (n=26 596)a | P Value (ANOVA/χ2) | Non‐RAASi (n=6063) | <50% of ESC‐Recommended Dose (n=4568)a | ≥50% of ESC‐Recommended Dose (n=2758)a | P Value (ANOVA/χ2) | |
| Baselineb patient demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 71.77 (14.20) | 74.84 (10.79) | 71.43 (10.36) | <0.01c | 74.97 (15.83) | 75.5 (12.48) | 68.93 (12.74) | <0.01c |
| Female | 46 320 (65.22) | 16 492 (59.04) | 14 776 (55.56) | <0.01c | 3007 (49.59) | 2015 (44.11) | 906 (32.85) | <0.01c |
| Current smoker | 10 599 (14.92) | 3681 (13.18) | 3705 (13.93) | <0.01c | 702 (11.58) | 807 (17.67) | 582 (21.10) | <0.01c |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.02 (5.59) | 28.28 (5.69) | 29.80 (5.88) | <0.01c | 26.49 (6.90) | 27.49 (6.42) | 29.73 (6.66) | <0.01c |
| SBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 134.33 (18.36) | 138.58 (19.92) | 143.45 (19.90) | <0.01c | 128.17 (20.75) | 125.91 (20.70) | 132.98 (21.92) | <0.01c |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 51.43 (8.47) | 51.23 (10.45) | 51.98 (8.65) | <0.01c | 63.38 (19.52) | 64.7 (17.74) | 67.75 (15.40) | <0.01c |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 4.44 (0.53) | 4.49 (0.52) | 4.49 (0.51) | <0.01c | 4.28 (0.60) | 4.42 (0.55) | 4.42 (0.51) | <0.01c |
| Serum phosphorus, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 1.14 (1.00) | 1.15 (1.59) | 1.11 (0.20) | 0.18 | 1.17 (0.26) | 1.16 (0.23) | 1.15 (0.21) | 0.46 |
| Clinical history within 5 y before initial CKD/HF diagnosis | ||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 5234 (7.37) | 4410 (15.79) | 5843 (21.97) | <0.01c | 715 (11.79) | 637 (13.94) | 524 (19.00) | <0.01c |
| MI | 872 (1.23) | 1467 (5.25) | 1090 (4.10) | <0.01c | 234 (3.86) | 532 (11.65) | 388 (14.07) | <0.01c |
| PVD | 1059 (1.49) | 749 (2.68) | 771 (2.90) | <0.01c | 121 (2.00) | 159 (3.48) | 83 (3.01) | <0.01c |
| Stroke | 3835 (5.40) | 1817 (6.50) | 1426 (5.36) | <0.01c | 352 (5.80) | 329 (7.20) | 135 (4.89) | 0.01c |
| Arrhythmia | 4315 (6.08) | 2663 (9.53) | 2020 (7.60) | <0.01c | 830 (13.69) | 1144 (25.04) | 651 (23.60) | <0.01c |
| CPD | 6199 (8.73) | 2818 (10.09) | 2526 (9.50) | <0.01c | 562 (9.27) | 721 (15.78) | 398 (14.43) | <0.01c |
| Metastatic tumor | 1640 (2.31) | 599 (2.14) | 508 (1.91) | <0.01c | 89 (1.47) | 93 (2.04) | 50 (1.81) | 0.08 |
| Rheumatic disease | 2307 (3.25) | 942 (3.37) | 732 (2.75) | <0.01c | 126 (2.08) | 135 (2.96) | 68 (2.47) | 0.02c |
| Peptic ulcer | 568 (0.80) | 239 (0.86) | 211 (0.79) | 0.64 | 55 (0.91) | 54 (1.18) | 23 (0.83) | 0.24 |
| Cancer | 7074 (9.96) | 2513 (9.00) | 2068 (7.78) | <0.01c | 516 (8.51) | 527 (11.54) | 220 (7.98) | <0.01c |
| Baselineb medication usage | ||||||||
| β‐Blockers | 11 332 (15.96) | 8737 (31.28) | 8864 (33.33) | <0.01c | 999 (16.47) | 2636 (57.71) | 1877 (68.06) | <0.01c |
| Statins | 19 163 (26.98) | 15 562 (55.71) | 15 734 (59.16) | <0.01c | 1040 (17.15) | 2354 (51.53) | 1731 (62.76) | <0.01c |
| Bronchodilators | 7329 (10.32) | 3377 (12.09) | 2608 (9.81) | <0.01c | 727 (11.99) | 960 (21.02) | 474 (17.19) | <0.01c |
| Diuretics | 16 736 (23.57) | 12 911 (46.22) | 13 998 (52.63) | <0.01c | 2001 (33.00) | 3691 (80.80) | 2117 (76.76) | <0.01c |
| NSAIDs | 9589 (13.50) | 2441 (8.74) | 2535 (9.53) | <0.01c | 283 (4.67) | 217 (4.75) | 131 (4.75) | 0.97 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 11 778 (16.58) | 7775 (27.83) | 10 547 (39.66) | <0.01c | 627 (10.34) | 522 (11.43) | 589 (21.36) | <0.01c |
| OADs | 2869 (4.04) | 3226 (11.55) | 4186 (15.74) | <0.01c | 226 (3.73) | 450 (9.85) | 392 (14.21) | <0.01c |
| Insulin | 765 (1.08) | 795 (2.85) | 1088 (4.09) | <0.01c | 61 (1.01) | 109 (2.39) | 93 (3.37) | <0.01c |
Data are shown as n (%) except as noted. ANOVA and χ2 test were used to evaluate differences between HbA1c groups for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. BMI indicates body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CPD, cardiopulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; HF, heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; OADs, oral antidiabetics; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RAASi, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
The numbers of patients at <50% and ≥50% of the recommended dose do not add up to the total cohort size because patients who spent most of their time on 0% dose and those who do not have a clear majority of time spent at a given dose level are not shown in the table but are included in the total cohort.
Baseline for RAASi patients is time of each patient's first RAASi prescription after their CKD or HF event and for non‐RAASi patients is time of first CKD or HF event.
P<0.05.