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Pneumatic control methods: (a) One-side actuation channel. (b) Two-side actuation channels. Piezo actuation: (c) Piezoelectric disc under the dispersed phase. (d) Piezo bimorph actuator for on-demand droplet generation. Off-chip vibration: (e) A mechanical vibrator vibrates the microtubing. (f) Off-chip valves control dispersed phase flow.
