Table 1.

Chitosan containing “bioinks” for organ 3D bioprinting.

“Bioink” Formulation	3D Bioprinting Technique	Cross-Linking Method	Application	Ref
Chitosan/gelatin/hepatocytes	One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting	3% sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)	Large scale-up hepatic tissue manufacturing	[154]
Chitosan/gelatin/alginate/hepatocytes and gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)	Two nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting	Triple crosslinking with TPP/CaCl2/thrombin solutions after 3D bioprinting	Vascularized hepatic tissues with hierarchical branched vascular networks	[155]
Chitosan/sodium alginate (CS-SA) hydrogels	Rapid Prototyping (Fab@Home) printer	10% CaCl2 (w/v) solution	Skin tissue regeneration	[156]
Oxidized hyaluronate (OHA)/glycol chitosan (GC)/adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) hydrogels	3D bioprinter (Invivo®, Rokit, Korea)	Not require any post-gelation or additional cross-linking	Self-healing hydrogel system for cartilage regeneration	[157]
Chitosan-hydroxyapatite hydrogels (Chitosan-HA)	The Fab@Home™ (The Seraph Robotics, USA) open source RP platform Model 3	2% CaCl2 (v/v) for 15 min	Bone regeneration	[158]
Chitosan/alginate hydrogel	One/two nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting	CaCl2 solution	Vessel-like tubular microfluidic channels	[159]
Polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/ASCs-gelatin/chitosan/hepatocytes-gelatin/hyaluronate/Schwann cells	Combined four-nozzle 3D bioprinting	Triple crosslinking with TPP/CaCl2/thrombin solutions after 3D bioprinting	Vascularized and innervated liver tissue generating	[160]
Chitosan film enhanced chitosan nerve guides (CFeCNGs)	REAXON® Nerve Guide	Not required	Nerve regeneration	[115]