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. 2019 Nov 17;7(11):104. doi: 10.3390/medsci7110104

Table 3.

Survey of risk factors associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) carriage in sick children in ESUTH.

Covariates (ESBL-NPE = ESBL Non-Producing Enterobacteriaceae) Prevalence
Total Sampled
N (%)
233 (100%)
Enterobacteriaceae Positive N (%)
81 (34.76)
Enterobacteriaceae Negative N (%) 152 (65.24) ESBL-PE
N (%)
20 (8.58)
ESBL-NPE
N (%)
61 (26.18)
ESBL-PE Colonization Frequency %
Age (years) 0–5 101 (43.35) 34 (33.66) 67 (66.34) 6 (5.94) 28 (27.72) 17.6% (6/34)
6–10 88 (37.77) 28 (31.82) 60 (68.18) 10 (11.36) 18 (20.45) 35.7% (10/28)
11–15 44 (18.88) 19 (43.18) 25 (56.82) 4 (9.09) 15 (34.09) 21.1% (4/19)
Gender Male 114 (48.93) 39 (34.21) 75 (65.79) 11 (9.65) 28 (24.56) 28.2% (11/39)
Female 119 (51.07) 42 (35.29) 77 (64.71) 9 (7.56) 33 (27.73) 21.4% (9/42)
Type of school Private 136 (58.37) 30 (22.06) 106 (77.94) 5 (3.68) 25 (18.38) 16.7% (5/30)
Public 97 (41.63) 51 (52.58) 46 (47.42) 15 (15.46) 37 (38.144) 29.4% (15/51)
Stage in school Daycare 35 (15.02) 15 (42.86) 20 (57.14) 2 (5.71) 13 (37.14) 13.3% (2/15)
Nursery 68 (29.18) 40 (58.82) 28 (41.18) 10 (14.71) 30 (44.12) 25% (10/40)
Primary 130 (55.79) 26 (20.00) 104 (80.00) 8 (6.15) 18 (13.85) 30.8% (8/26)
Who normally prescribed antibiotics given to the child? Doctors 63 (27.03) 22 (34.92) 41 (65.08) 3 (4.76) 19 (30.16) 13.6% (3/22)
Pharmacists 25 (10.73) 12 (48.00) 13 (52.00) 1 (4.00) 11 (44.00) 8.3% (1/12)
PPMD* 145 (62.23) 47 (32.41) 98 (67.59) 16 (11.03) 31 (21.38) 38.1% (16/42)
Hospital admission in the last 3–6 months Yes 77 (33.04) 33 (42.86) 44 (57.14) 15 (19.48) 18 (23.38) 45.5% (15/33)
No 156 (66.95) 48 (30.77) 108 (69.23) 5 (3.21) 43 (27.56) 10.4% (5/48)
Share public toilet at home Yes 48 (20.60) 21 (43.75) 27 (56.25) 3 (6.25) 18 (37.50) 31.4% (11/35)
No 36 (15.45) 6 (16.67) 30 (83.33) 0 (0.00) 6 (16.67) 19.7% (9/46)
Practice of regular hand washing Yes 85 (36.48) 20 (23.53) 65 (76.47) 3 (3.53) 17 (20.00) 15% (3/20)
No 148 (63.52) 61 (41.22) 87 (58.78) 17 (11.49) 43 (29.05) 27.9% (17/61)
Source of water supply at home Tap 84 (86.05) 9 (10.71) 75 (89.29) 1 (1.19) 8 (9.52) 11.1% (1/9)
Well 117 (50.21) 53 (45.30) 64 (54.70) 16 (13.68) 37 (31.62) 30.2% (16/53)
Bore-hole 32 (13.73) 19 (59.38) 13 (40.63) 3 (9.38) 16 (50.00) 15.8% (3/19)
River 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.0%
Type of nutrition Breast milk 29 (12.45) 8 (27.59) 21 (72.41) 0 (0.00) 8 (27.59) 0.0%
Dairy food 37 (15.88) 19 (51.35) 18 (48.65) 7 (18.92) 12 (32.43) 36.8% (7/19)
Household food 167 (71.67) 54 (32.34) 113 (67.66) 13 (7.78) 41 (24.55) 24.1% (13/54)

PPMD* = Patent and Proprietary Medicine Dealer. They are also called private patent medicine vendors. They include individuals not possessing any degree in pharmacy but sell standard health care pharmaceutical and medical products to the public for the purpose of making profit.