Table 3.
Survey of risk factors associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) carriage in sick children in ESUTH.
| Covariates (ESBL-NPE = ESBL Non-Producing Enterobacteriaceae) | Prevalence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sampled N (%) 233 (100%) |
Enterobacteriaceae Positive N (%) 81 (34.76) |
Enterobacteriaceae Negative N (%) 152 (65.24) | ESBL-PE N (%) 20 (8.58) |
ESBL-NPE N (%) 61 (26.18) |
ESBL-PE Colonization Frequency % | ||
| Age (years) | 0–5 | 101 (43.35) | 34 (33.66) | 67 (66.34) | 6 (5.94) | 28 (27.72) | 17.6% (6/34) |
| 6–10 | 88 (37.77) | 28 (31.82) | 60 (68.18) | 10 (11.36) | 18 (20.45) | 35.7% (10/28) | |
| 11–15 | 44 (18.88) | 19 (43.18) | 25 (56.82) | 4 (9.09) | 15 (34.09) | 21.1% (4/19) | |
| Gender | Male | 114 (48.93) | 39 (34.21) | 75 (65.79) | 11 (9.65) | 28 (24.56) | 28.2% (11/39) |
| Female | 119 (51.07) | 42 (35.29) | 77 (64.71) | 9 (7.56) | 33 (27.73) | 21.4% (9/42) | |
| Type of school | Private | 136 (58.37) | 30 (22.06) | 106 (77.94) | 5 (3.68) | 25 (18.38) | 16.7% (5/30) |
| Public | 97 (41.63) | 51 (52.58) | 46 (47.42) | 15 (15.46) | 37 (38.144) | 29.4% (15/51) | |
| Stage in school | Daycare | 35 (15.02) | 15 (42.86) | 20 (57.14) | 2 (5.71) | 13 (37.14) | 13.3% (2/15) |
| Nursery | 68 (29.18) | 40 (58.82) | 28 (41.18) | 10 (14.71) | 30 (44.12) | 25% (10/40) | |
| Primary | 130 (55.79) | 26 (20.00) | 104 (80.00) | 8 (6.15) | 18 (13.85) | 30.8% (8/26) | |
| Who normally prescribed antibiotics given to the child? | Doctors | 63 (27.03) | 22 (34.92) | 41 (65.08) | 3 (4.76) | 19 (30.16) | 13.6% (3/22) |
| Pharmacists | 25 (10.73) | 12 (48.00) | 13 (52.00) | 1 (4.00) | 11 (44.00) | 8.3% (1/12) | |
| PPMD* | 145 (62.23) | 47 (32.41) | 98 (67.59) | 16 (11.03) | 31 (21.38) | 38.1% (16/42) | |
| Hospital admission in the last 3–6 months | Yes | 77 (33.04) | 33 (42.86) | 44 (57.14) | 15 (19.48) | 18 (23.38) | 45.5% (15/33) |
| No | 156 (66.95) | 48 (30.77) | 108 (69.23) | 5 (3.21) | 43 (27.56) | 10.4% (5/48) | |
| Share public toilet at home | Yes | 48 (20.60) | 21 (43.75) | 27 (56.25) | 3 (6.25) | 18 (37.50) | 31.4% (11/35) |
| No | 36 (15.45) | 6 (16.67) | 30 (83.33) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (16.67) | 19.7% (9/46) | |
| Practice of regular hand washing | Yes | 85 (36.48) | 20 (23.53) | 65 (76.47) | 3 (3.53) | 17 (20.00) | 15% (3/20) |
| No | 148 (63.52) | 61 (41.22) | 87 (58.78) | 17 (11.49) | 43 (29.05) | 27.9% (17/61) | |
| Source of water supply at home | Tap | 84 (86.05) | 9 (10.71) | 75 (89.29) | 1 (1.19) | 8 (9.52) | 11.1% (1/9) |
| Well | 117 (50.21) | 53 (45.30) | 64 (54.70) | 16 (13.68) | 37 (31.62) | 30.2% (16/53) | |
| Bore-hole | 32 (13.73) | 19 (59.38) | 13 (40.63) | 3 (9.38) | 16 (50.00) | 15.8% (3/19) | |
| River | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0.0% | |
| Type of nutrition | Breast milk | 29 (12.45) | 8 (27.59) | 21 (72.41) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (27.59) | 0.0% |
| Dairy food | 37 (15.88) | 19 (51.35) | 18 (48.65) | 7 (18.92) | 12 (32.43) | 36.8% (7/19) | |
| Household food | 167 (71.67) | 54 (32.34) | 113 (67.66) | 13 (7.78) | 41 (24.55) | 24.1% (13/54) | |
PPMD* = Patent and Proprietary Medicine Dealer. They are also called private patent medicine vendors. They include individuals not possessing any degree in pharmacy but sell standard health care pharmaceutical and medical products to the public for the purpose of making profit.