Table 1.

Ability to recover.

Reference Articles	Definition Proposed	Citation Source
Stephens [23]	Resilience is the capacity to recover from extremes of trauma, deprivation, threat, or stress.	Atkinson [24]
Barber [25]	Resistance referring to maintained functioning under stressful conditions and resilience describing quick or full recovery from significant decrements in functioning upon exposure to stress.	Bonanno [26]; Masten [10]
Barber [25]	Resilience as intrinsic recovery, a fundamental characteristic of normal coping, not a sign of exceptional strength.	Bonanno [26]
Caldeira [17]	Resilience is the ability to recover from perceived adverse or changing situations, through a dynamic process of adaptation, influenced by personal characteristics, family, and social resources, and manifested by positive coping, control, and integration.	Caldeira [18]
Whitson [27]	Resilience has been defined as the capacity to remain well, recover, or even thrive in the face of adversity.	Hardy [28]
Okvat [29]	By resilience, we mean the capacity to sustain well-being and recover fully and rapidly from adversity.	Zautra [30]
De Terte [31]	Psychological resilience has been defined as the ability of an individual to rebound or recover from adversity.	Leipold [32]
De Terte [31]	Resilience has been defined as the ability of an individual to recover quickly from the psychological effects of an adverse event.	Bonanno [33]
Kokufu [34]	Psychological resilience is a mental quality that leads to adaptive recovery in difficult situations despite the feeling of pain.	Kokufu [34]
Vahia [35]	Resilience is broadly defined in physiological terms as the ability to return to homeostasis in the presence of stressful experiences that would be expected to bring about negative effects.	Rutter [36]
Stainton [37]	The term resilience is used in the literature for different phenomena ranging from prevention of mental health disturbance to successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities and may also include post-traumatic psychological growth.	Rutten et al. [38]
Stainton [37]	It has also been hypothesized that resilience may result from the experience of prior stresses or adversities. Circumstances which are stressful enough to challenge, but not overwhelm, the individual can provide the opportunity to learn skills or identify attributes which can help the individual to overcome future risks.	Harris et al. [39]
Johnston [40]	Resilience has been referred to as a kind of plasticity that influences the ability to recover and achieve psychosocial balance after adverse experiences and as the ability to bounce back in the face of adversity. Resilience in older people has been described as the ability to achieve, retain, or regain physical or emotional health after illnesses or losses.	Lundman [41]
Dias [42]	Resilience is not invulnerability to stress, but, rather, the ability to recover from negative events.	Cowan [43]
Barber [25]	Basic conceptualizations of resilience (particularly, resistance) imply that it reflects uncommon imperviousness to expected injury or an unusual ability to quickly recover from it.	Barber [44]
Davydov, [19]	Some researchers describe mental resilience in terms of quick and effective recovery after stress. This parallels somatic recovery mechanisms after pathogen invasion through external and internal protective barriers, and describes the ability to ‘spring back’ to initial levels of mental, emotional, and cognitive activity after an adversity (such as functional limitation, bereavement, marital separation, or poverty).	Tugade [45]
Dulin [46]	Defined resilience as the “ability to resist negative psychological responses when confronted with stress or trauma.	Pecoraro [47]