Table 5.

Positive adaptation to life conditions.

Reference Articles	Definition Proposed	Citation Source
Dias [42]	Resilience was defined as positive adjustment in the case of adversity.	Bekhet [162]; Fernández-Lansac [163]; O’Rourke [164]; Bull [165]; Fitzpatrick [166]; Garces [167]; Wilks [168]
Hilliard [91]	Resilience: achieving one or more positive outcomes despite exposure to significant risk or adversity.	Hilliard [169]
Davydov [19]	Resilience can be seen as synonymous with reduced ‘vulnerability’ with ability to adapt to adversity.	Hofer [170]; Schneiderman, [171]
Brodsky [84]	Resilience is successful adaptation despite risk and adversity.	Masten, [10]
Lee [172]	Defining resilience as the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances.	Masten [173]
Thomas [174]	Resilience is defined as the ability to overcome adversity and includes how one learns to grow stronger from the experience.	McAllister [175]
Thompson [176]	Psychological resilience is characterized by the ability to successfully adapt to stressful events in the face of adverse conditions.	Norman [177]
Pangallo [153]	Resilience is a temporal phenomenon, and as such, positive adaptation is likely to fluctuate according to circumstances and life stage.	Pangallo [153]
Garcia-Dia [72]	Resilience as adaptation and adjustment that occurs despite multiple personal and social losses.	Rabkin [178]
Brush [119]	Resilience is the capability to adapt better than expected in the face of significant adversity or risk.	Tusaie [142]
Davydov [19]	Resilience can be viewed as an epiphenomenon of adaptive temperament.	Wachs [79]
Li [108]	Resilient people have the ability to adjust and cope successfully in the face of adversity, exhibiting a stable trajectory of healthy functioning across time and the capacity for positive emotions after having experienced stressful life events.	Bonanno [110]
Chen [116]	Resilience is the capacity to adapt to and bounce back from adversity and stressful events.	Davidson [117]; Prince-Embury [118]
Caldeira [17]	Resilience is considered both as a psychological and physical aspect of coping with stress.	Hart [179]
Garcia-Dia [72]	Resilience was in fact quite common rather than uncommon as had been proposed by earlier researchers, and a fundamental feature of normal coping skills as manifested by seeking social support from others, moving forward with life and accepting your circumstances with hope.	Masten, [10]
Eisenach [180]	Resilience is a measure of coping ability, hardiness, and the ability to thrive in the face of adversity.	Vaishnavi [181]
Lee [144]	Resilience as an active process that develops internal resources for coping with stress.	Woodgate [145]
Lee [172]	Resilience as a capacity refers to an individual’s capacity for adapting to changes and stressful events in a healthy way.	Catalano [182]
Chen [116]	Resilience is essentially a capacity of positive adaptation after exposure to social and psychological adversity.	Prince-Embury [118]
Whitson [27]	Resilience as a psychological construct, referring to adaptive attitudes and behaviors that allow one to remain psychologically sound, or even thrive, after being exposed to stressful life events.	Luthar [15]; Wagnild [183]
Li [109]	Resilience can be used to represent an individual’s successful adaptation to trauma.	Wang [184]
Miller [185]	Resilience as a personality characteristic that minimizes the negative effects of stress and promotes adaptation.	Wagnild [186]
Patel [18]	Resilience is not a process, it is not a management system standard, nor is it a consulting product. Resilience is a demonstrable outcome of an organization’s capability to cope with uncertainty and change in an often volatile environment. Resilience is thus a product of an organization’s capabilities for interacting with its environment.	Gibson [187]
Horn [188]	Resilience is broadly defined as the dynamic ability to adapt successfully in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant threat. Resilience is complex and might be best conceptualized on a continuum, with the potential for it to change across an individual’s lifespan.	Southwick [97]
Cosco [189]	Resilience involves positively adapting to adverse events.	Luthar [190]; Rutter [155]
Harvey [80]	Resilience as ‘‘manifested competence in the context of significant challenges to adaptation or development’’.	Masten [191]
Davydov [19]	Emotional resilience has been used as a concept to imply the flexible use of emotional resources for adapting to adversity or as the process linking resources (adaptive capacities) to outcomes (adaptation).	Waugh [192]; Norris [138]
Johnston [40]	Resilience can be conceptualized as the process of achieving unexpected positive outcomes in adverse conditions, as opposed to an individual trait.	Taylor [68]
Dias [42]	Resilience is a process related to adaptive capacities or to a positive trajectory of functioning and adaptation after a traumatic situation.	Fitzpatrick [166]; Garces [167]; Norris [138]; Wilks [168]
Eshel [99]	Resilience has thus been defined as “the potential of manifested capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully to disturbances that threaten the function, survival, or development of the system”.	Masten [192]
Stainton [37]	Resilience appears to be a common phenomenon that results in most cases from the operation of basic human adaptational systems. If those systems are protected and in good working order, development is robust even in the face of severe adversity.	Masten [10]
Dulin [46]	Resilience resources as positive psychological, behavioral, and/or social adaptation in the face of stressors and adversities that draws upon “an individual’s capacity, combined with families’ and communities’ resources to overcome serious threats to development and health”.	Fletcher [1]; Earnshaw [193]; Unger [194]